CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques

Adopted by Resolution 31/72 of the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1976.

The Convention was opened for signature at Geneva on 18 May 1977.

The States Parties to this Convention,

Guided by the interest of consolidating peace, and wishing to contribute to the cause of halting

the arms race, and of bringing about general and complete disarmament under strict and effective

international control, and of saving mankind from the danger of using new means of warfare,

Determined to continue negotiations with a view to achieving effective progress towards further

measures in the field of disarmament,

Recognizing that scientific and technical advances may open new possibilities with respect to

modification of the environment,

Recalling the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted

at Stockholm on 16 June 1972,

Realizing that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes could

improve the interrelationship of man and nature and contribute to the preservation and

improvement of the environment for the benefit of present and future generations,

Recognizing, however, that military or any other hostile use of such techniques could have effects

extremely harmful to human welfare,

Desiring to prohibit effectively military or any other hostile use of environmental modification

techniques in order to eliminate the dangers to mankind from such use, and affirming their

willingness to work towards the achievement of this objective,

Desiring also to contribute to the strengthening of trust among nations and to the further

improvement of the international situation in accordance with the purposes and principles of the

Charter of the United Nations,

Have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

1. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile

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use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects

as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.

2. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to assist, encourage or induce any State,

group of States or international organization to engage in activities contrary to the provisions of

paragraph 1 of this article.

ARTICLE II

As used in article 1, the term “environmental modification techniques” refers to any technique for

changing – through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes–the dynamics, composition

or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer

space.

ARTICLE III

1. The provisions of this Convention shall not hinder the use of environmental modification

techniques for peaceful purposes and shall be without prejudice to the generally recognized

principles and applicable rules of international law concerning such use.

2. The States Parties to this Convention undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate

in, the fullest possible exchange of scientific and technological information on the use of

environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes. States Parties in a position to do

so shall contribute, alone or together with other States or international organizations, to

international economic and scientific co-operation in thepreservation, improvement and peaceful

utilization of the environment, withdue consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the

world.

ARTICLE IV

Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to take any measures it considers necessary in

accordance with its constitutional processes to prohibit and prevent any activity in violation of the

provisions of the Convention anywhere under its jurisdiction or control.

ARTICLE V

1. The States Parties to this Convention undertake to consult one another and to co-operate in

solving any problems which may arise in relation tothe objectives of, or in the application of the

provisions of, the Convention. Consultation and co-operation pursuant to this article may also

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be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United

Nations and in accordance with its Charter. These international procedures may include the

services of appropriate international organizations, as well as of a Consultative Committee of

Experts as provided for in paragraph 2 of this article.

2. For the purposes set forth in paragraph 1 of this article, the Depositary shall within one month

of the receipt of a request from any State Party to this Convention, convene a Consultative

Committee of Experts. Any State Party may appoint an expert to the Committee whose functions

and rules of procedure are set out in the annex which constitutes an integral part of this

Convention. The Committee shall transmit to the Depositary a summary of its findings of fact,

incorporating all views and information presented to the Committee during its proceedings. The

Depositary shall distribute the summary to all States Parties.

3. Any State Party to this Convention which has reason to believe that any other State Party is

acting in breach of obligations deriving from the provisions of the Convention may lodge a

complaint with the Security Council of the United Nations. Such a complaint should include all

relevant information as well as all possible evidence supporting ItS validity.

4. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to cooperate in carrying out any investigation

which the Security Council may initiate, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the

United Nations, on the basis of the complaint received by the Council. The Security Council shall

inform the States Parties of the results of the investigation.

5. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to provide or support assistance, in accordance

with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, to any State Party which so requests,

if the Security Council decides that such Party has been harmed or is likely to be harmed as a

result of violation of the Convention.

ARTICLE VI

1. Any State Party to this Convention may propose amendments to the Convention. The text of

any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary, who shall promptly circulate it to

all States Parties.

2. An amendment shall enter into force for all States Parties to this Convention which have

accepted it, upon the deposit with the Depositary of instruments of acceptance by a majority of

States Parties. Thereafter it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party on the date of

deposit of its instrument of acceptance.

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ARTICLE VII

This Convention shall be of unlimited duration.

ARTICLE VIII

1. Five years after the entry into force of this Convention, a conference of the States Parties to

the Convention shall be convened by the Depositary at Geneva, Switzerland. The conference shall

review the operation of the Convention with a view to ensuring that its purposes and provisions

are being realized, and shall in particular examine the effectiveness of the provisions of paragraph

1 of article I in eliminating the dangers of military or any other hostile use of environmental

modification techniques.

2. At intervals of not less than five years thereafter, a majority of the States Parties to this

Convention may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary, the convening

of a conference with the same objectives.

3. If no conference has been convened pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article within ten years

following the conclusion of a previous conference, the Depositary shall solicit the views of all

States Parties to this Convention concerning the convening of such a conference. If one third or

ten of the States Parties, whichever number is less, respond affirmatively, the Depositary shall take

immediate steps to convene the conference.

ARTICLE IX

1. This Convention shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the

Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede

to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification

or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

3. This Convention shall enter into force upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by twenty

Governments in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article.

4. For those States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited after the entry

into force of this Convention, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their

instruments of ratification or accession.

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5. The Depositary shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each

signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession and the date of the

entry into force of this Convention and of any amendments thereto, as well as of the receipt of

other notices.

6. This Convention shall be registered by the Depositary in accordance with Article 102 of the

Charter of the United Nations.

ARTICLE X

This Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are

equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall

send duly certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this

Convention

Done at Geneva, on the 18 day of May 1977.

(Here follows signatures)

Annex to the Convention

Consultative Committee of Experts

1. The Consultative Committee of Experts shall undertake to make appropriate findings of fact

and provide expert views relevant to any problem raised pursuant to paragraph 1 of article V of

this Convention by the State Party requesting the convening of the Committee.

2. The work of the Consultative Committee of Experts shall be organized in such a way as to

permit it to perform the functions set forth in paragraph 1 of this annex. The Committee shall

decide procedural questions relative to the organization of its work, where possible by consensus,

but otherwise by a majority of those present and voting. There shall be no voting on matters of

substance.

3. The Depositary or his representative shall serve as the Chairman of the Committee.

4. Each expert may be assisted at meetings by one or more advisers.

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5. Each expert shall have the right, through the Chairman, to request from States, and from

international organizations, such information and assistance as the expert considers desirable for

the accomplishment of the Committee’s work.

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Source: Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 39

(A/31/39), pp. 37-38.

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