United Nations Cnvention on the Law of the sea, Montigo Bay,1982
United Nations, its
specialized agencies and the
International Atomic
Energy Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Article 94. Duties of the flag State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . 56
Article 96. Immunity of ships used only
o n g o v e r n m e n t
non-commercial service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters
of collision or any other
incident of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Article 98. Duty to render assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy . . . . . 57
Article 101. Definition of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Article 102. Piracy by a warship,
government ship or
government aircraft whose
crew has mutinied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or
aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
12
Article 104. Retention or loss of the
nationality of a pirate ship
or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Article 105. Seizure of a pirate ship or
aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Article 106. Liability for seizure without
adequate grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Article 107. Ships and aircraft which are
entitled to seize on account
of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Article 108. Illicit traffic in narcotic
drugs or psychotropic
substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Article 109. Unauthorized broadcasting
from the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Article 110. Right of visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Article 111. Right of hot pursuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Article 112. Right to lay submarine cables
and pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Article 113. Breaking or injury of a
submarine cable or pipeline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Article 114. Breaking or injury by
owners of a submarine cable
or pipeline of another
submarine cable or pipeline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Article 115. Indemnity for loss incurred
in avoiding injury to a
submarine cable or pipeline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
SECTION 2. C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D
MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING
RESOURCES OF THE HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article 116. Right to fish on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article 117. Duty of States to adopt with
respect to their nationals
mea s u r e s fo r t h e
conservation of the living
resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article 118. Cooperation of States in the
c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d
management of living
resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article 119. Conservation of the living
resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article 120. Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
PART VIII. REGIME OF ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Article 121. Regime of islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
13
PART IX. ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Article 122. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Article 123. Cooperation of States
bordering enclosed or
semi-enclosed seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
PART X. RIGHT OF ACCESS OF LAND-LOCKED STATES TO
AND FROM THE SEA AND FREEDOM OF TRANSIT . . . . 64
Article 124. Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Article 125. Right of access to and from
the sea and freedom of
transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Article 126. Exclusion of application of
the most-favoured-nation
clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Article 127. Customs duties, taxes and
other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Article 128. Free zones and other
customs facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Article 129. Cooperation in t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d
improvement of means of
transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Article 130. Measures to avoid or
eliminate delays or other
difficulties of a technical
nature in traffic in transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Article 131. Equal treatment in maritime
ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Article 132. Grant of greater transit
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
PART XI. THE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SECTION l. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Article 133. Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Article 134. Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Article 135. Legal status of the
superjacent waters and air
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
SECTION 2. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE AREA . . . . . . . . . 67
Article 136. Common heritage of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Article 137. Legal status of the Area and its resources . . . . . . . . 67
Article 138. General conduct of States in relation to the Area . . . 67
Article 139. Responsibility to ensure
compliance and liability for
damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Article 140. Benefit of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Article 141. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes . 68
Article 142. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States . . . 68
Article 143. Marine scientific research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
14
Article 144. Transfer of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Article 145. Protection of the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Article 146. Protection of human life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Article 147. A c c o mmo d a t i o n o f
activities in the Area and in
the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Article 148. Participation of developing
States in activities in the
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Article 149. Archaeological and historical objects . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SECTION 3. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREA . . 71
Article 150. Policies relating to activities in the Area . . . . . . . . . 71
Article 151. Production policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Article 152. Exercise of powers and
functions by the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Article 153. System of exploration and exploitation . . . . . . . . . . 75
Article 154. Periodic review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Article 155. The Review Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
SECTION 4. THE AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SUBSECTION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Article 156. Establishment of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Article 157. Nature and fundamental
principles of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Article 158. Organs of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SUBSECTION B. THE ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Article 159. Composition, procedure and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Article 160. Powers and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
SUBSECTION C. THE COUNCIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Article 161. Composition, procedure and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Article 162. Powers and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Article 163. Organs of the Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Article 164. The Economic Planning Commission . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Article 165. The Legal and Technical Commission . . . . . . . . . . . 88
SUBSECTION D. THE SECRETARIAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Article 166. The Secretariat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Article 167. The staff of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Article 168. International character of the Secretariat . . . . . . . . . 90
Article 169. C o n s u l t a t i o n a n d
c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h
i n t e r n a t i o n a l an d
n o n – g o v e r n m e n t a l
organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
SUBSECTION E. THE ENTERPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Article 170. The Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
SUBSECTION F. F I N A N C I A L
ARRANGEMENTS
OF THE AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Article 171. Funds of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Article 172. Annual budget of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Article 173. Expenses of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Article 174. Borrowing power of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Article 175. Annual audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
15
SUBSECTION G. L E G A L S T A T U S ,
PRIVILEGES
AND IMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 176. Legal status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 177. Privileges and immunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 178. Immunity from legal process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 179. Immunity from search and any form of seizure . . . . 93
Article 180. E x e m p t i o n f r o m
restrictions, regulations,
controls and moratoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 181. Archives and official
communications of the
Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Article 182. Privileges and immunities
o f cert ain per sons
connected with the
Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Article 183. Exemption from taxes and customs duties . . . . . . . . 94
SUBSECTION H. SUSPENSION OF THE
EXERCISE OF RIGHTS
AND PRIVILEGES OF
MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Article 184. Suspension of the exercise of voting rights . . . . . . . 94
Article 185. Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges
of membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
SECTION 5. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND
ADVISORY OPINIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Article 186. Seabed Disputes Chamber
of the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Article 187. Jurisdiction of the Seabed
Disputes Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Article 188. Submission of disputes to a
special chamber of the
International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea or an
ad hoc chamber of the
Seabed Disputes Chamber
or to binding commercial
arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Article 189. Limitation on jurisdiction
with regard to decisions of
the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Article 190. P a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d
appearance of sponsoring
S t a tes P a r t i e s i n
proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Article 191. Advisory opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
PART XII. PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
16
Article 192. General obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Article 193. Sovereign right of States to
exploit their natural
resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Article 194. Measures to prevent, reduce
and control pollution of the
marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Article 195. Duty not to transfer damage
or hazards or transform one
type of pollution into
another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Article 196. Use of technologies or
introduction of alien or new
species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SECTION 2. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL COOPERATION . . . . . . . 99
Article 197. Cooperation on a global or regional basis . . . . . . . . 99
Article 198. Notification of imminent or actual damage . . . . . . 100
Article 199. Contingency plans against pollution . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Article 200. S t u d i e s , r e s e a r c h
programmes and exchange
of information and data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Article 201. Scientific criteria for regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
SECTION 3. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Article 202. Scientific and technical
assistance to developing
States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Article 203. Preferential treatment for developing States . . . . . 101
SECTION 4. M O N I T O R I N G A N D
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Article 204. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution . . . . 101
Article 205. Publication of reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Article 206. Assessment of potential effects of activities . . . . . 101
SECTION 5. INTERNATIONAL RULES AND
NATIONAL LEGISLATION TO
PREVENT, REDUCE AND
CONTROL POLLUTION OF THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Article 207. Pollution from land-based sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Article 208. Pollution from seabed
activities subject to national
jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Article 209. Pollution from activities in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Article 210. Pollution by dumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Article 211. Pollution from vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Article 212. Pollution from or through the atmosphere . . . . . . . 105
SECTION 6. ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Article 213. Enforcement with respect to
pollution from land-based
sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Article 214. Enforcement with respect to
pollution from seabed
activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
17
Article 215. Enforcement with respect to
pollution from activities in
the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Article 216. Enforcement with respect to
pollution by dumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Article 217. Enforcement by flag States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Article 218. Enforcement by port States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Article 219. Measures relating to
seaworthiness of vessels to
avoid pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Article 220. Enforcement by coastal States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Article 221. Measures to avoid pollution
arising from maritime
casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Article 222. Enforcement with respect to
pollution from or through
the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
SECTION 7. SAFEGUARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Article 223. Measures to facilitate proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Article 224. Exercise of powers of enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Article 225. Duty to avoid adverse
consequences in the
exercise of the powers of
enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Article 226. Investigation of foreign vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Article 227. Non-discrimination with
respect to foreign vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Article 228. Suspension and restrictions
o n i n s t i t u t i o n o f
proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Article 229. Institution of civil proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Article 230. Monetary penalties and the
observance of recognized
rights of the accused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Article 231. Notification to the flag State
and other States concerned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Article 232. Liability of States arising
from enforcement measures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Article 233. Safeguards with respect to
straits used for international
navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
SECTION 8. ICE-COVERED AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Article 234. Ice-covered areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
SECTION 9. RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Article 235. Responsibility and liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
SECTION 10. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Article 236. Sovereign immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
SECTION 11. OBLIGATIONS UNDER OTHER
CONVENTIONS ON THE
P R O T E C T I O N A N D
PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
18
Article 237. Obligations under other
convent ions on the
protection and preservation
of the marine environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
PART XIII. MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Article 238. Right to conduct marine scientific research . . . . . . 115
Article 239. Promotion of marine scientific research . . . . . . . . 115
Article 240. General principles for the
conduct of marine scientific
research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Article 241. Non-recognition of marine
scientific research activities
as the legal basis for claims
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
SECTION 2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Article 242. Promotion of international cooperation . . . . . . . . . 116
Article 243. Creation of favourable conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Article 244. P u b l i c a t i o n a n d
d i s s emi n a t i o n o f
information and knowledge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
SECTION 3. CONDUCT AND PROMOTION OF
MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Article 245. Marine scientific research in the territorial sea . . . 116
Article 246. Marine scientific research in
the exclusive economic
zone and on the continental
shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Article 247. Marine scientific research
projects undertaken by or
under the auspices of
international organiza-tions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Article 248. Duty to provide information
to the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Article 249. Duty to comply with certain conditions . . . . . . . . . 118
Article 250. C o m m u n i c a t i o n s
concerning marine scientific
research projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Article 251. General criteria and guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Article 252. Implied consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Article 253. Suspension or cessation of
marine scientific research
activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Article 254. Rights of neighbouring
l a n d – l o c k e d a n d
g e o g r a p h i c a l l y
disadvantaged States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
19
Article 255. Measures to facilitate
marine scientific research
and assist research vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Article 256. Marine scientific research in the Area . . . . . . . . . . 121
Article 257. Marine scientific research in
the water column beyond
the exclusive economic
zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
SECTION 4. S C I E N T I F I C R E S E ARCH
INSTALLATIONS OR EQUIPMENT
IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Article 258. Deployment and use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Article 259. Legal status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Article 260. Safety zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Article 261. Non-interference with shipping routes . . . . . . . . . . 122
Article 262. Identification markings and warning signals . . . . . 122
SECTION 5. RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Article 263. Responsibility and liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
SECTION 6. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND
INTERIM MEASURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Article 264. Settlement of disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Article 265. Interim measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
PART XIV. DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF
MARINE TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Article 266. P r o mo t i o n o f t h e
development and transfer of
marine technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Article 267. Protection of legitimate interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Article 268. Basic objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Article 269. Measures to achieve the
basic objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
SECTION 2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Article 270. Ways and means of international cooperation . . . . 124
Article 271. Guidelines, criteria and standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Article 272. Coordination of international programmes . . . . . . 125
Article 273. C o o p e r a t i o n w i t h
international organizations
and the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Article 274. Objectives of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
SECTION 3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL
MARINE SCIENTI-FIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL CENTRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Article 275. Establishment of national centres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Article 276. Establishment of regional centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Article 277. Functions of regional centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
SECTION 4. C OOP E RAT I O N AMO N G
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
ORGANIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
20
Article 278. Cooperation among international organizations . . 127
PART XV. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Article 279. Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means . . 127
Article 280. Settlement of disputes by
any peaceful means chosen
by the parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Article 281. Pro c edure wh e r e n o
settlement has been reached
by the parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Article 282. Obligations under general,
regional or bilateral
agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Article 283. Obligation to exchange views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Article 284. Conciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Article 285. Application of this section
to disputes submitted
pursuant to Part XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
SECTION 2. COMPULSORY PROCEDURES
ENTAILING BINDING DECISIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Article 286. Application of procedures under this section . . . . . 129
Article 287. Choice of procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Article 288. Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Article 289. Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Article 290. Provisional measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Article 291. Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Article 292. Prompt release of vessels and crews . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Article 293. Applicable law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Article 294. Preliminary proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Article 295. Exhaustion of local remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Article 296. Finality and binding force of decisions . . . . . . . . . 132
SECTION 3. LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS
TO APPLICA-BILITY OF
SECTION 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Article 297. Limitations on applicability of section 2 . . . . . . . . 132
Article 298. Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2 . . 134
Article 299. Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure . . . 135
PART XVI. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Article 300. Good faith and abuse of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Article 301. Peaceful uses of the seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Article 302. Disclosure of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Article 303. A r c h a e o l o g i c a l a n d
historical objects found at
sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Article 304. Responsibility and liability for damage . . . . . . . . . 136
21
PART XVII. FINAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Article 305. Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Article 306. Ratification and formal confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Article 307. Accession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Article 308. Entry into force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Article 309. Reservations and exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Article 310. Declarations and statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Article 311. R e l a t i o n t o o t h e r
c o n v e n t i o n s a n d
international agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Article 312. Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Article 313. Amendment by simplified procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Article 314. Ame n dme n t s t o t h e
p r o v i s ions of this
Convention rel ating
exclusively to activities in
the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Article 315. Signature, ratification of,
accession to and authentic
texts of amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Article 316. Entry into force of amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Article 317. Denunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Article 318. Status of Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Article 319. Depositary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Article 320. Authentic texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
ANNEX I. HIGHLY MIGRATORY SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
ANNEX II. COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE
CONTINEN-TAL SHELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
ANNEX III. BASIC CONDITIONS OF PROSPECTING,
EXPLORA-TION AND EXPLOITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Article 1. Title to minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Article 2. Prospecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Article 3. Exploration and exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Article 4. Qualifications of applicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Article 5. Transfer of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Article 6. Approval of plans of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Article 7. Selection among applicants
f o r p r o d u c t i o n
authorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Article 8. Reservation of areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Article 9. Activities in reserved areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Article 10. Preference and priority among applicants . . . . . . . 152
Article 11. Joint arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Article 12. Activities carried out by the Enterprise . . . . . . . . . 153
Article 13. Financial terms of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Article 14. Transfer of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Article 15. Training programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Article 16. Exclusive right to explore and exploit . . . . . . . . . . 160
22
Article 17. Rules, regulations and
procedures of the
Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Article 18. Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Article 19. Revision of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Article 20. Transfer of rights and obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Article 21. Applicable law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Article 22. Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
ANNEX IV. STATUTE OF THE ENTERPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Article 1. Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Article 2. Relationship to the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Article 3. Limitation of liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Article 4. Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Article 5. Governing Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Article 6. Powers and functions of the Governing Board . . . 166
Article 7. Director-General and staff of the Enterprise . . . . . 167
Article 8. Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Article 9. Reports and financial statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Article 10. Allocation of net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Article 11. Finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Article 12. Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Article 13. Legal status, privileges and immunities . . . . . . . . . 171
ANNEX V. CONCILIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
SECTION 1. CONCILIATION PROCEDURE
PURSUANT TO SECTION 1 OF
PART XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Article 1. Institution of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Article 2. List of conciliators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Article 3. Constitution of conciliation commission . . . . . . . . 173
Article 4. Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Article 5. Amicable settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Article 6. Functions of the commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Article 7. Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Article 8. Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Article 9. Fees and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Article 10. Right of parties to modify procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 175
SECTION 2. COMPULSORY SUBMISSION TO
CONCILIATION PROCEDURE
PURSUANT TO SECTION 3 OF
PART XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Article 11. Institution of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Article 12. Failure to reply or to submit to conciliation . . . . . . 175
Article 13. Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Article 14. Application of section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
ANNEX VI. STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL
TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Article 1. General provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
23
SECTION 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBUNAL . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Article 2. Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Article 3. Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Article 4. Nominations and elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Article 5. Term of office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Article 6. Vacancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Article 7. Incompatible activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Article 8. Conditions relating to
participation of members in
a particular case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Article 9. Consequence of ceasing to
fulfil required conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Article 10. Privileges and immunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Article 11. Solemn declaration by members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Article 12. President, Vice-President and Registrar . . . . . . . . 179
Article 13. Quorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Article 14. Seabed Disputes Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Article 15. Special chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Article 16. Rules of the Tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Article 17. Nationality of members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Article 18. Remuneration of members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Article 19. Expenses of the Tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
SECTION 2. COMPETENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Article 20. Access to the Tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Article 21. Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Article 22 Reference of disputes
subject to other agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Article 23. Applicable law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
SECTION 3. PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 24. Institution of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 25. Provisional measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 26. Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 27. Conduct of case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 28. Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Article 29. Majority for decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Article 30. Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Article 31. Request to intervene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Article 32 Right to intervene in cases
of interpretation or
application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Article 33. Finality and binding force of decisions . . . . . . . . . 183
Article 34. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
SECTION 4. SEABED DISPUTES CHAMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Article 35. Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Article 36. Ad hoc chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Article 37. Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Article 38. Applicable law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Article 39. Enforcement of decisions of the Chamber . . . . . . . 185
Article 40. Applicability of other sections of this Annex . . . . . 185
SECTION 5. AMENDMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Article 41. Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
24
ANNEX VII. ARBITRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Article 1. Institution of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Article 2. List of arbitrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Article 3. Constitution of arbitral tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Article 4. Functions of arbitral tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Article 5. Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Article 6. Duties of parties to a dispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 7. Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 8. Required majority for decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 9. Default of appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 10. Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 11. Finality of award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article 12. Interpretation or implementation of award . . . . . . 189
Article 13. Application to entities other than States Parties . . . 189
ANNEX VIII. SPECIAL ARBITRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Article 1. Institution of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Article 2. Lists of experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Article 3. Constitution of special arbitral tribunal . . . . . . . . . 190
Article 4. General provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Article 5. Fact finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
ANNEX IX. PARTICIPATION BY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZA-TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Article 1. Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Article 2. Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Article 3. Formal confirmation and accession . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Article 4. Extent of participation and
rights and obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Article 5. Declarations, notifications and communications . . 193
Article 6. Responsibility and liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Article 7. Settlement of disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193