A Report Of Asia Bank Foreign Exchange Remitance

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Introduction

The Jews in Jerusalem introduced a kind of banking in the form of money lending before the birth of Christ. The word ‘bank’ was probably derived from the word bench’ as during ancient time Jews used to do money -lending business sitting on long benches.

First modern banking was introduced in 1668 in Stockholm as ‘Savings Pis Bank’ which opened up a new era of banking activities throughout the European Mainland.

In the South Asian region, early banking system was introduced by the Afgan traders popularly known as Kabuliwallas. Muslim businessmen from Kabul, Afganistan came to India and started money lending business in exchange of interest sometime in 1312 A.D. They were known as ‘Kabuliawallas’.

Industrial Overview

Now a day’s bank plays an important role of financial stability of a country. It is an institute, which is responsible for safeguarding the financial stability of a country. Due to globalization & technological innovation banking system has become very competitive. The present economic state of Bangladesh demands immediate market development of financial institutions. The key to success in such demanding market situation is how automated the service is on a continuous real time basis.

Number and Types of Banks

The number of banks in all now stands at 49 in Bangladesh. Out of the 49 banks, four are Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), 28 local private commercial banks, 12 foreign banks and the rest five are Development Financial Institutions (DFIs). Sonali Bank is the largest among the NCBs while Pubali is leading in the private ones. Among the 12 foreign banks, Standard Chartered has become the largest in the country. Besides the scheduled banks, Samabai (Cooperative) Bank, Ansar-VDP Bank, Karmasansthan (Employment) Bank and Grameen bank are functioning in the financial sector. The number of total branches of all scheduled banks is 6,038 as of June 2000. Of the branches, 39.95 per cent (2,412) are located in the urban areas and 60.05 per cent (3,626) in the rural areas. Of the branches NCBs hold 3,616; private commercial banks 1,214, foreign banks 31 and specialized banks 1,177.Bangladesh Bank (BB) regulates and supervises tile activities of all banks. The BB is now carrying out a reform programmed to ensure quality services by the banks.

• 1313
• NCl3s
• PCBs
• Specialized Banks

Bangladesh Bank (Central Bank of Bangladesh)

Bangladesh Bank (BB) has been working as the central bank since the country’s independence. Its prime jobs include issuing of currency, maintaining foreign exchange reserve and providing transaction facilities of all public monetary matters. BB is also responsible for planning the government’s monetary policy and implementing it thereby. The BB has a governing body comprising of nine members with the Governor as its chief. Apart from the head office in Dhaka, it has nine more branches, of which two in Dhaka and one each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, Rangpur and Barisal.

Bangladesh Bank in a Brief

Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of the country, was established as a body corporate

Vide the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 127 of 1972) with effect from 16th December, 1971. The general superintendence and direction of affairs and business of the Bank are entrusted to a nine member Board of Directors which consists of the Governor as chairman, a Deputy Governor, three senior government officials and four persons having experience and proven capacity in the fields of banking, trade, commerce, industry or agriculture – all nominated by the government. The board, which is the highest policy making body, meets at least six times a year and at least once every quarter under the chairmanship of the Governor. The Governor, appointed by the government as the chief executive officer, directs and controls all the affairs of the Bank on behalf of the Board.

Vision and Mission

Vision

The Bangladesh Bank (BB), through ensuring the quality of services and the competence of’ its staff, shall operate as a modern, dynamic, effective, and forward-looking central bank to manage the country’s monetary and financial system with a view to stabilizing the internal and external value of Bangladesh Taka conducive to rapid growth and Development of the economy.

Mission

To uphold the vision and in pursuant with the Bangladesh Bank Order of 1972, Bangladesh Bank’s mission is to promote and maintain macroeconomic and price stability through:

• Formulating and implementing appropriate monetary policy consistent with the country’s national development goals;
• pursuing prudent policies to ensure stable internal and external value of Taka;
• Identifying policy priorities for implementation by the Government through assessing the transmission channels and the interactions of monetary policy with fiscal, exchange rate, and other macroeconomic policies and their impact on the economy;
• Proposing necessary legislative measures to attain the central bank’s objectives and perform its functions including strategies and regulations for and supervision of banking companies and financial institutions with the aim to providing efficient financial intermediation and financial services to large, medium, small, and micro enterprises and to pro-poor activities ;
• Promoting, regulating and. ensuring a secure and efficient payment system, including the issue of Bank Notes;
• Giving advice to the Government on the interaction of monetary policy with fiscal and exchange rate policies, on the impact of various policy measures on the Company;
• Analyzing priority macroeconomic issues for policy advice and dissemination of information to attain the central bank’s social responsibility.

To this end, 1313 would ensure that it has the requisite human and infrastructural resources and build its capability to promote and ensure a robust and well-functioning financial sector. This mission statement pledges that the guiding philosophy of BB’s operations would be sound regulatory Framework conducive to the operation of efficient market mechanism along with transparency and accountability, professionalism, ethical standards, adoption of modern technology in operational and decision making processes, and trust and respect in all relations. Periodic strategic planning would serve to identify the emerging challenges, key changes affecting BB’s internal and external environment and set its strategic guidelines, set priorities, promote improvements in management practices, and induce necessary changes in organizational culter to fulfill its mission, BB would undertake activities related to developing the national financial system and management of monetary, foreign exchange, and credit policies. The Bangladesh Bank’s core mission strategies cover both monetary policy and financial sector developments.

Monetary Policy

The aim is to achieve the twin goals of containing inflation and promoting sustained and stable economic growth; provide policy advice to the Government on deficit financing and public debt management; manage the balance of payments and foreign exchange reserves; provide payment services and ensure the stability of the financial system; conduct treasury and government securities related operations; and efficiently perform other international financial activities.

Financial Sector Developments

Critical activities cover the development of the financial systems; provide effective prudential supervision; ensure information access, market intelligence, and contingency planning to avoid systematic risks; assist banking and financial entities to become efficient and competitive; discover new modalities for delivering agricultural and industrial term credit; enhance the access of small and medium enterprises to investment funds; further develop the market in public and private debt and risk capital; and promote measures f0r inclusion of people hitherto bypassed in formal financial systems.

In addition, the Bangladesh Bank will continuously adopt necessary measures for taking a proactive stance in decision making; compiling relevant statistics and conducting high quality and timely economic research to review the country’s financial and economic conditions to support decision making; ensuring efficient and professional management of BB’s human and financial resources; and establishing BB’s distinct identity based on its values and strategic roles.

In order to uphold the mission, Bangladesh Bank’s aim would be to provide the required leadership by discharging its duties in a manner that shows a clear vision, is watchful, far-sighted, intelligent and responsive based on an effective and efficient communication strategy. At all times, BB’s aim would be to remain committed, efficient, capable, logistically Supported, speedy, focused, and aggressive where necessary in order to ensure that the Bangladesh Bank

Always remains a credible and prestigious institution with an efficient organizational structure committed to achieving its goals.

Objectives of the Study

Objectives:

The objective of the analysis is to evaluate the procedure of “Foreign Exchange Remittance” of Bank Asia Limited. There are also many objectives. The primary objective of this report is to comply with the requirement of the Bank Asia Limited. But the objective behind this study is something broader. Objectives of study are summarized in the following manner:

• To evaluate import – export procedures.
• To evaluate the performance of the bank.
• To apply theoretical knowledge in the practical field.
• To make bridge between the theories and practical procedures of banking day-to-day operations.

• To gain practical knowledge by working in different desks of Jessore branch office of bank Asia Ltd.

• To observe the working environment in commercial banks.
• To study existing banker-customer relationship.
• To know the overall functioning of Bank Asia Limited.
• To have some practical exposures that will be helpful for my future career.

Specific Objectives:

· To submit a report, for the fulfillment of my BBA program.

· Is to find out the “Foreign Exchange Remittance of Bank Asia Ltd.”

Broad Objectives:

• Together comprehensive knowledge on total banking functions.
• To identify the factors contributing to the attractive & operative performance of the local branch of the bank.

• To make a study of the facts in order to arrive at certain conclusion about foreign exchange system.

• Critically analyze the functions and the operations of each level of the organization of Bank Asia Limited.

Sources of Data:

In order to make the report more meaningful and presentable, two sources of data and information have been used widely.

The “Primary Sources” of Data are as follows:

· Face-to-face conversation with the respective officers and staffs of the Branch.

· Informal conversation with the clients.

· Practical work exposures from the different desks of the departments of the Branch covered.

· Relevant file study as provided by the officers concerned.

The “Secondary Source” of Data and Information are:

• Annual Report of Bank Asia Ltd.
• Various Books, articles, compilations etc. regarding general banking functions, foreign exchange operations and credit policies.
• Different Procedure Manual published by Bank.

Limitation of the Study

There are some limitations in every analysis. I have also faced some problems at the time analyzing the performance of the bank. The limitations of my analysis are given below:

1. Time is limited (3 month)
2. Insufficiency of information.
3. The bank personnel are very busy.
4. It was very difficult to collect the information from various personnel for their job constraint.
5. As some of the fields of banking are still not covered by our courses, there was difficulty in understanding some activities.
6. Another limitation of this report is Bank’s policy of not disclosing some data and information for obvious reason, which could very much useful.

Industrial Overview

Now a day’s bank plays an important role of financial stability of a country. It is an institute, which is responsible for safeguarding the financial stability of a country. Due to globalization & technological innovation banking system has become very competitive. The present economic state of Bangladesh demands immediate market development of financial institutions. The key to success in such demanding market situation is how automated the service is on a continuous real time basis.

Mission & Vision:

Mission

To assist in bringing high quality service to our customers and to participate in the growth and expansion of our national economy.

To set high standards of integrity and bring total satisfaction to our clients, shareholders and employees.

To become the most sought after bank in the country, rendering technology driven innovative services by our dedicated team of professionals.

Vision

Bank Asia’s vision is to have a poverty free Bangladesh in course of a generation in the new millennium, reflecting the national dream. Our vision is to build a society where human dignity and human rights receive the highest consideration along with reduction of poverty.

The Objectives of the Bank

a) To regulate the issue of the currency and the keeping of reserves;

b) To manage the monetary and credit system of Bangladesh with a view to stabilizing domestic monetary value;

c) To preserve the par value of the Bangladesh Taka;

d) To promote and maintain a high level of production, employment and real income in Bangladesh; and to foster growth and development of the country’s productive resources for the national interest

Organogram

Board of Directors

CHAIRMAN

Mr. Anisur Rahman Sinha

VICE CHAIRMAN

Mr. Anwarul Amin

Mr. A.M. Nurul Islam

DIRECTORS

Mr. Romo Rouf Chowdhury

Ms. Farhana Huq Chowdhury

Ms. Shameem Choudhury

Mr. Shaique Uddin

Mr. Murshed Sultan Chowdhury

Mr. Mir Shahjahan

Mr. Faisal Samad

(Alternate Director of Ms. Mahrina Chowdhury)

Mr. M. Shamsul Alam

Lt. Col. (Retd.) Fariduddin Ahmed

PRESIDENT & MANAGING DIRECTOR

Mr. Erfanuddin Ahmed

COMPANY SECRETARY

Mr. Aminul Islam

Board’s Audit Committee

Mr. A M. Nurul Islam – Chairman

Mr. Anwarul Amin – Member

Mr. Murshed Sultan Chowdhury – Member
Management Executives

PRESIDENT & MANAGING DIRECTOR

Mr. Erfanuddin Ahmed

DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR

Aminul Islam

Erfanuddin Ahmed

SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT

S.M. Khorshed Alam

Irteza Reza Chowdhury

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT

Mohammed Roshangir

A.H.J. Rahman

Nasirul Hossain

Md. Azhar Ali Miah

Syed Nazimuddin

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT

Swapan Dasgupta

M.M.A. Moquit

Md. Arfan Ali

Raiqul Hasan

A.K.M. Shahnawaj

Mohammad Borhanuddin

Md. Sazzad Hossain

Maruf Mohammed Ahsan

Md. Abu Bakar Laskar

VICE PRESIDENT

Mohd. Shahabullah

Md. Ashrafuddin Ahmed

A.K.M. Shaiful Islam Chowdhury

S.M. Iqbal Hossain

Md. Mozaffor Hossain

Syed Iltefath Hussain

Asadul Karim

Md. Raja Miah

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT

Niaz Ahmed Chowdhury

Nazneen Sultana

Md. Ekramul Hossain

Md. Zahid Hossain

Md. Zia Arin

Md. Azharul Islam

Afzalul Haq

Sui Tofail Ahamed

ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT

Alamgir Hossain

Debashish Karmaker

Md. Azizul Haque Khan

Ali Tarek Parvez

Humayun Yusuf Kabir

K.S.A. Ansari

Arequl Arefeen

Kamal Uddin Ahmed

Md. Saiful Islam Laskar

A.K.M. Rezaul Haque Chowdhury

Md. Murshid-Al-Amin

Md. Shahidul Islam

FIRST ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT

Khairul Haque

A.M.M. Nizamuddoula Khan

Faiz Mohammed

Syed Md. Ali Reza

Ibne Mohammad Shamsuzzaman

K.M. Shakhawat Hossain

Md. Prashanta Samir

Md. Tarek Hassan

Md. Inamul Islam

Mehbub Hasan

Tunku Humayun M. Morshed

Kazi Shamsul Haque

Mohammed Mamun-or-Rashid

Md. Mortuza Ali

M.M. Saiful Islam

Md. Jahangir Alam

Md. Hosnezzaman

Syed Humayun Kabir

Md. Elias Mollah

Nesar Ahmed

M.R. Chowdhury Rashed

Md. Serajul Islam

A.K.M. Tareq

Md. Mohsin Jamal

Sujit Kumer Sen

Mohammad Mainul Islam

Md. Belal Hossain

Muhammed Nizam Uddin

Md. Murshed Alam

Md. Omar Hayat Chowdhury

Md. Akmal Hossain

Towheedul Islam

Emdadul Haque

Saiful Islam

M.M. Shariful Islam

Mehedi Zaman Khan

H.M. Mostaizur Rahman

Md. Mazibur Rahman

Syed Md. Jarzis

Kazi Nowshaduzzaman

Mohammad Mahmud Alam

Hasan A. Saimoom

Ahmed A. Jamil

Md. Anisur Rahman

Mohammed Shahjahan

Md. Sultan Hayat Khan

M. Hasibul Alam

Md. Moniruzzaman

Rownak Amin

A.K.M. Mohsin Uddin

Md. Shahidul Islam

Md. Mustaizur Rahman

Product & Services

a) ATM Services

The Bank carries its banking activities through twenty four branches in the country. Bank Asia customers have access to 21 ATMs as a member of ETN. Under the ATM network the Stelar Online Banking Software enables direct linking of a client’s account, without the requirement of a separate account. The Bank has already set up its own ATM machine at 6 corresponding branches and is also in the process of setting up its own ATM network at every focused point in the city with a view of providing retail banking services.

Connect Asia
Bank Asia symbolizes modern banking with innovative services in Bangladesh. We provide Online Banking, ATM Support, SMS and Net Banking Services in the country. Our newly developed web application is fully authentic, secured and robust. This technology based services also provide you Fund Transfer through internet, Debit/Credit Card facility, free SMS message of special type of withdrawal from your account time to time.
b) On-line Banking:

All branches under online banking system will be able to do banking practices using a common server (which is centralized) from where only the branches will be able to enter using a common password.

c) Internet Banking:

Any one including any client or any branch from any direction will be able to enter in the system to do banking transactions.

Internet Banking Services

Check account balance

Take print out of account statement for a particular period

Transfer fund within your own account

Make payment of mobile phone bill

Recharge your mobile phone as well as others from your account

Enquire foreign exchange rate

Enquire currency exchange rates.

Acquire information on all our products.

Every transaction report will be sent to client’s e-mail account.

Can change the password, pin code and respective mobile number (For All Mobile Operator’s).

d) Sms banking

Short Message Service (SMS) is a communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application. SMS as used on modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM series as a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters (including spaces), to and from GSM, CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landline networks. Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, though the standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well.

e) Locker Services

Bank Asia brings to you a very user-friendly locker service that is a fine blend of security and confidentiality. At the same time for sheer convenience and further security we have also made arrangements for a well appointed rest room where you can beautify yourself, wear your jewelry before you step out for your appointment or you may also take your own time to go through your valuable documents in absolute discretion.

f) Bank Asia Credit card

Bank Asia Credit Card is accepted more than 3500 merchant outlets around the country. Bank Asia credit card offers you free credit facility up to 45 days and minimum 15 days without any interest; you can also pay 8.33% of your billing amount or current dues every month and thus have the flexibility to plan your payments.

Our Schemes

g) Bonus Savings Scheme

Modern Banking is a result of evolutions driven by changing economic activities and lifestyles. Entering a new millennium, banking needs have become more diverse and exotic than ever before. Bank Asia Ltd. is a new entrant in the private banking scenario of Bangladesh with a promise to fulfil every possible customer need with high efficiency and satisfaction. Its team of dedicated professionals is committed to provide an unparalleled service by using the latest technology to make bankable proposals harvest maximum benefits for the customers, the shareholders and the society at large. It is an immense pleasure for Bank Asia to introduce Bonus Savings to its customers.

h) Deposit Pension Scheme

Deposit monthly installment ranging from Tk. 500/- to Tk.10,000/- and on maturity the holder receives a handsome amount as per table below:

Amount Payable at Maturity

Features of this product are:

In case of premature liquidation, the applicable interest rate is savings Bank account rate.

Installment to be made available in Savings Account in due time.

i) Double Benefit Plus

Only individuals can open this account.

Money deposited in this account will be doubled in 6 (six) years.

Deposit amounts will be Tk. 100,000/-or it’s multiple, and maximum will be Tk. 2,500,000/-under single name and Tk. 4,000,000/-under joint name.

In case of premature encashment, the applicable rate will be the simple savings rate of the Bank; however, there will be no interest payment for premature encashment within six months life of the account.

Loan facility will be available up to 90% of the deposited amount.

Value at maturity

j) Triple Benefit Plus

· Only individuals can open this account.

· Money deposited in this account will be Tripled in 9 (nine) years 6 (six) months.

· Deposit amounts will be Tk. 100,000/-or it’s multiple, and maximum will be Tk. 2,500,000/-under single name and Tk. 4,000,000/-under joint name.

· In case of premature encashment, the applicable rate will be the simple savings rate of the Bank; however, there will be no interest payment for premature encashment within six months life of the account.

· Loan facility will be available up to 90% of the deposited amount.

Value at maturity

k) Monthly Benefit Plus

MB+ is a 5-year scheme that lets the customer earn monthly benefit of Tk. 850/- or its multiple by minimum initial deposit of Tk. 100,000 or its multiple. Features of this product are: MB+ is a 5-year scheme that lets the customer earn monthly benefit of Tk. 850/- or its multiple by minimum initial deposit of Tk. 100,000 or its multiple. Features of this product are:

Only individuals can open this account.

The individual must have a Savings account with the bank in which the monthly benefit will be credited automatically. This link account will not be charged for incidental charges.

Deposit amounts will be Tk. 100,000/-or it’s multiple, and maximum will be Tk. 2,500,000/-under single name and Tk. 4,000,000/-under joint name.

The tenure of deposit will be 3 years and 5 years. The person will get monthly benefit of Tk. 975/-for deposit amount of Tk. 100,000/-for 3 years term deposit and Tk. 1,000/-for deposit amount of Tk. 100,000/-for 5 years term deposit.

In case of premature encashment, the applicable rate will be the simple savings rate of the Bank; however, there will be no interest payment for premature encashment within six months life of the account. The principal amount will be adjusted at the time of providing savings account rate.

Loan facility will be available against the account.

Deposit and monthly payment matrix

L) Coverage Loan

· This product will facilitate the customer to have financing for purchase of Apartment, house, construction of new house, extension of existing house etc.

· The product will allow Automobile/car [brand new or recondition] financing for personal use only. But car model should not order four years at the time of registration in Bangladesh.

· A consumer credit scheme that support purchase of various consumer durable such as television, Refrigerator, Ac etc. Any Bangladeshi individual has the means and capacity to repay the loan.

· Medical emergencies in life come unannounced! One can hardly BD prepared for such exigencies. Now Bank Asia’s Medical Support Gives you the financial support and peace of mind to tackle any unforeseen.

m) Repayment Procedure

Loan will be repaid depending on the inflows from investment as well as from other source of income as weekly, monthly or quarterly basis.

Interest Rate

General interest & rates are as Bank Asia declared with the honorable customer is shown below. We offer different rates and interest on different product. Below you will see some tables that include most significant information.

The Table Below Contains the Chart of Bank Asia:

Interest Rate on Lending

Interest Rate on Deposit

n) Corporate Social Responsibility

In these days of globalization, businesses, industry, financial institutions cross national boundaries every day. All over the world there is now a demand from the civil society, politicians and governmental authorities on such corporate bodies to fulfill certain social obligations

Also known as corporate social responsibility. Bangladesh is no exception. Corporate bodies are under increasing social scrutiny and pressure to contribute to social welfare of

the communities in which they operate. These relate to contributions towards improving the livelihood opportunities of the less fortunate, provision of facilities for education and health, protection of the environment, and encouragement of cultural and social activities in the rural as well as urban areas. The Board of Bank Asia has been conscious of our corporate social responsibilities from the very beginning. In fulfilling our obligations, the Board of Directors, in consultation with the management, has been providing support and resources for the following activities:-

(a) Introduction of scholarships for poor but meritorious students of the communities in which our rural branches operate to provide opportunities for higher education in modern subjects to build up their career.

(b) Bank Asia has an agreement with the Bangladesh Eye Hospital to provide all costs of treatment for all born-blind children of Bangladesh.

(c) Based on our commitment to protect the environment, Bank Asia took the pioneering role in financing CNG conversion facilities and CNG billing stations for automobiles.

(d) In collaboration with an organization named D-Net, we are setting up Computer

Learning Centers close to all our rural branches – providing for both capital and recurring expenses.

(e) Apart from lending directly for reduction of poverty, we have been collaborating with some large and small NGOs in creating employment opportunities through micro-finance and other types of lending and social welfare activities.

(f) We patronize and encourage cultural activities, sports, in arts, and work on the lives of distinguished sons of the soil.

(g) In the context of the two looks, and the SIDR cyclone in the coastal areas in

2007, your Bank contributed over 14 (fourteen) million taka to the Government’s

Relief Fund.

Branch Expansion

The Bank at present carrying its banking activities through Thirty four Branches, including ATM, Locker & Foreign Exchange services in the country. It has nine rural branches as well.

Branches At A Glance

Authorised Dealer Branches

Rural Branches

Branches with ATM Service

Branches with Locker Service

Departments

With the view to ensure systematic operation and to promote customer services of the bank, the following job allocations have been made among all the Officers which will come enforce with immediate effect.

Manager & Sub Manager

• Branch Operation as Sub-Manager.
• Custodian of Safe Key (Volt).
• Custodian of Securities relating to Loan & Advance Department.
• Supervision & preparation of Loan Proposals, Sanctions, Documentation, Disbursement, Recovery etc. with the consultation of Mr. Sarder Nazrul Islam, First Asstt. Vice President & Manager.
• Supervision of preparation and submission of all periodical statements relating to Loans & Advances Department, General Banking and others.
• Correspondence with Head Office & others.
• Custodian of Booklet of Authorized Signatures (BAL) & Test Key.
• Dealing In-Charge: Loans & Advances Department.
• Dealing In-Charge: Locker Operation.
• Custodian of all Corporate Office circulars/manuals/guide books/branch files etc.
• Maintenance of Printed & Security Stationeries & consumption thereof.

Foreign Exchange

• In charge Foreign Exchange Department.
• Joint Custodian of Safe Key (Volt).
• Processing of opening L/Cs,Lodgment of Documents, Issuance of EXP, Preparation of Export Documents, Issuance of Shipping Guarantee, Returns to Bangladesh Bank, Foreign Remittance, Marketing & Deposit Mobilization.
• Preparation of Loan Proposals, Sanctions, Documentation, Disbursement, Recovery etc. jointly with Mr. Sudev Biswas, Senior Officer & Mr. Milton Roy, Sub-Manager.
• Correspondence with Head Office & others.
• Dealing Officer Loans & Advances Department.
• Joint Custodian of all