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“The inner beauty of a person is more significant than the physical Beauty”. Make a comparative analysis as to the inner beauty v/s physical beauty.
Real beauty is not only the external attribute like physical beauty; real beauty lies within, the inner beauty as well. Like the beauty outside is differ from culture to culture in some culture pale skin is beautiful, or in contrast, tanned skin. In Japanese culture beauty is measure from the lean of hair like but what do you think about long hair in Europe or US culture. Some people likes healthy figure some likes zero figures. But when it’s come to the real beauty no matter what culture it is or what type of person he is, everybody likes a loving and caring person. Real beauty is what you are on inside and how good person you are. Beauty had been closely linked to truth and moral goodness.
Every day we face some situation where values are in conflict and in this situation we have to make decision about right and wrong. Such as your friend cheat on the exam do you report it or not or planning bribe for a permission whether you do it or not. In business situation is far more complex than in most of situation bribe is a common practice. International bribery is trillion dollars a year, with corporation one side, heads of the state on the other side. Such as BAE system ,Britain’s largest defense contractor get almost all the contract by giving million of dollars or giving luxurious cars as a bribe then BAE system is convicted and agree that they have done it. Few months ago our Rail minister convicted a bribery case. As it is illegal practice and it is unethical but it happens every day. In 2008 world economic crisis few companies CEO and top management like AIG, Lemon Brothers, Goldman sacks, making huge amount of money but for them the whole world economy crash. In Bangladesh stock market crash in 2011 few person making 1000 of billion take but millions of families are lose their only asset. All of these people had inner beauty then they would not do those unethical works and our world would not face these sorts of problems. Only the real beauty makes the world really beautiful so real beauty lies inside.
Internal beauty is the main feature of a person which attracts other people to him and the external beauty is an additional feature to it.
I have completed my research paper myself by taking instructions from my instructor and by taking relevant information and data from two types of sources as well.
Primary Sources:
I have surveyed my research questionnaire with 50 people. My target group was Bangladeshi people with an age group greater 18 years old. This source also helps me to do this by giving their personal view on this topic.
Secondary Sources:
Book:
Crane, A. & Matten, D. (2004).Business Ethics: A European Perspective. United Kingdom, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ethical theories are the rules and principals that determine right and wrong for a given situation. (Crane & Matten, 2004, P.74). But different person can take different decision in a same situation based on different theories.
In Richard De George (1999:33-54) Ethical theory two position can be found.
Ethical absolutism: Ethical absolutism said there are principal which are universally morally acceptable and right or wrong is rationally determine. It is claims that morality is an objective context. If a rational person in the society says it ethical than it’s ethical no matter what the law says.
Ethical relativism: Ethical relativism says that the context of morality is subjective and there are no universal rights or wrongs that can be rationally determine. Morality is determined by culture where he is belongs to.
Traditional ethical theories:
Traditional ethical theories are normative and describe different rules which we can apply in different situation.
Traditional theories can divide in to two groups:
· Consequentialist theories
· Non-Consequentialist theories
Consequentialist theories: This theory says moral judgment depends on different outcome result when the outcome is desirable then morally right and when not desirable than morally wrong.
There are two Consequentiality theories
· Egoism
· Utilitarianism
Egoism: Egoism is discusses by ancient Greek philosopher Plato.
Following the theory of egoism an action is morally right if the decision maker freely decides in order to pursue either their shot term desire or their long term interest. (Crane & Matten, 2004, P.75).
Utilitarianism: The philosophy of utilitarianism theories is commonly used. This theory comes from Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-73).
In utilitarianism philosophy, an action is morally right if it result in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. (Crane & Matten, 2004, P.75).
Non-consequentiality theories: There are two types of non-consequentiality theories
· Ethics of duty
· Ethics of right and justice
Ethics of duty: It’s a theory by German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) thought morally right or wrong not depend on a situation is a consequences action.
Ethics of right and justice: It is a theory by British philosopher John Locke (1632-1714).
Natural rights are certain basic, important, inalienable entitlements that should be respected and protected in every single action.(Crane & Matten, 2004, P.89).
Contemporary Ethical Theories: These theories are new and less commonly used but they offer a alternative perspective which we cannot avoid. Main four contemporary ethical theories are given below:
· Virtue ethics
· Feminist ethics
· Discourse ethics
· Postmodern ethics
Virtue ethics: Virtue ethics contends that morally correct actions are those undertaken by actors with virtuous character. Therefore the formation of a virtuous character is the first step towards morally correct behavior. (Crane & Matten, 2004, P.96).
Feminist ethics: It shows that man and woman have different view towards the business and they handle same situation differently. Its shows that autonomous, selfish, result oriented, competitive and on the other side girls are sacrificing, process oriented, avoid harm, social, cooperative.
Discourse ethics: Discourage ethics aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm of generation through rational reflection on real life experience of all relevant participants. (Crane & Matten, 2004, P.100).
The questionnaire survey was conducted among 50 people by random sampling. The questionnaire was clearly specific and straight forward which was quantitative and qualitative in nature. The questions have been adorned based on their responses, given below.
Internal beauty
Internal beauty means honesty, modesty who thinks about the wellbeing of the society.
1 Do you think internal beauty is more important than external beauty?
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard deviation: 0.161699
40% went for strongly agree
32% went for agree
5% went for neutral
17% went for disagree
6% went for strongly disagree
According to Richard De George ethical theory:
Ethical absolutism: Internal beauty is more impotant in religion, so the reasonable person in the society will go with the religion no matter what the law says. So as the reasonable person goes with internal beauty.
Ethical relativism: As it is culturally determine our culture also support the internal beauty .So by ethical relativism internal beauty is more important.
Utilitarianism: When some is internally beautiful than he can do greatest amount of good for the society but not external beauty can do this.
Beauty vs. Honesty
Some man prefers honesty over beauty and someone prefer beauty over honesty.
Whom do you prefer for marriage a beautiful, smart, rich girls than smart, not beautiful honest girl?(For man)
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
According to ethical theories:
Ethical absolutism: An honest person is always appreciating in the world. So the reasonable people in the society go with honest girl.
Ethical relativism: Our culture always appreciates good girls. So, ethical relativism prefer honesty over beauty.
Feminist ethics: Feminist ethics said that girls are not dishonest, cooperative and sacrificing. No girls are bad so you can marry anyone girl.
Rich Vs Honesty
Some girl prefers rich people over honest people and some prefer honest people over rich people.
Whom do you prefer for marriage a smart, rich, good-looking but dishonest man or a honest, rich man. (For woman)
Standard deviation 0.170587
45% went for strongly agree
29% went for agree
8% went for neutral
15% went for disagree
3% went for strongly disagree
According to different ethical theories:
Ethical absolutism: Our religion always prefer honest people, so the reasonable people go with honest people.
Ethical relativism: Our society prefers rich people over honest people. Ethical relativism go with rich people.
Smart Vs honest
You are recruiting an employee and there are two types of employee one is smart, beautiful, intelligent others are honest over a not so beautiful, honest girl?
a) Strongly agree b) c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard deviation: .074162
27% went for strongly agree
25% went for agree
11% went for neutral
24% went for disagree
13% went for strongly disagree
According to different ethical theories:
Ethical absolutism: Our religion always prefers honest people, so the reasonable people go with honest people. So, ethical absolutism goes with honest employee.
Ethical relativism: Our society prefers honest employee. So, ethical relativism goes with honest employee.
Law Vs Ethics
Mixing alcohol in cold drinks at the level of 5% which is legal but religiously unethical. Do you agree mix alcohol with cold drinks?
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
41% went for yes
47% went for no
2% went for not sure
Mixing alcohol in cold drinks up to 5% which is not so harmful and its legal by the law but in religion does not permit you to take it. So in business situation if you are not mixing alcohol than someone else will do that and you lose certain percentage of market share.
According to Richard De George ethical theory:
Ethical absolutism: As alcohol is not permitted by the religion, so the reasonable person in the society will go with the religion no matter what the law says. So as the reasonable person says it unethical so it’s unethical.
Ethical relativism: It depends on which society you belongs to their culture, value. It differ from society to society. So in our Bangladeshi society alcohol is prohibited. So it is unethical but legal.
According to Anglo-Saxon and Jeremy Bentham ethical theory:
Utilitarianism: In utilitarianism anything morally right if it result in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. Hare for personal interest someone mix alcohol for his business gain. So it’s unethical.
According to Plato and Adam Smith ethical theory:
Egoism: It is a short term benefit by you but in long run if you are not giving those payments government does not have the money to run the country and total economic condition of the country will collapse and as citizen of the country you will be affected more. Then again you need pay tax properly to help the government and this time it will be harder for you to pay this tax as the economic condition not good.
Opportunity Vs Ethics
Are you agreed to giving gift to your boss for promotion?
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard Deviation 0.204573
45% went for strongly agree
39% went for Agree
8% went for Neutral
8% went for disagree
0% went for strongly disagree
You are working finance division in an organization as finance officer and there are four finance officer in your position and one get promotion as a senior officer so give gift to your boss to maintain good relation and you think it will help you to get promotion.
According to Richard De George ethical theory:
Ethical absolutism: As giving gift for maintaining relation which is not crime in law and religion but hare in this situation you are doing this for getting some future opportunity which may deprived someone who actually deserve it. As you deprived someone from something which he deserve. So reasonable person in the society does not agree with that so it’s a unethical practice.
Ethical relativism: It depends on which society you belongs to their culture, value. It differs from society to society. So in our Bangladeshi society it’s a common and effective practice so it ethical.
Discount Vs Ethics
If your meter unit crosses 400 units then you need to pay tk. 7 per unit but if it does not exceed then you need to pay tk. 3.5 per unit and you have 450 units bill. Are you agreeing to give some bribe to the meter reader to reduce the unit and shift this unit to the next month?
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard Deviation 0.114455
33% went for strongly agree
25% went for Agree
3% went for Neutral
24% went for disagree
15% went for strongly disagree
Government made a regulation that if the electric bill cross 400 units then, you have to pay tk.7 per unit and if the electric bill less than 400 units then you need to pay tk.3.5 per unit. This month your bill is 450 units and you give some money to the meter reader and shift 51 units to next month, so now bill will count tk.3.5 per unit.
According to Immanuel Kant ethical theory:
Ethics of Duties: As government made this regulation to minimize the use of electricity and solve the electricity problem. And you do this practice than everybody will do this than ultimately the electricity problem remains same and you are also affected. So it’s your ethical duty to give the proper bill in proper time
Honest Decision
You bought Sony Bravia 42” television from England, so you need to pay tk.50000 as tax to the custom but the custom officer offer you, if you give tk. 15000 to him then you does not need to pay tax. Then you pay tk.15000 to the custom. Are you agreeing with this.
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard deviation 0.111803
15% went for strongly agree
20% went for agree
5% went for neutral
35% went for disagree
25% went for strongly disagree
According to Immanuel Kant ethical theory:
Ethics of Duties: You are not giving tax to the government and then someone else also not giving tax then government go into huge economic problem and countries economy may be collapsed and the you are also get into economic problem. So you need to pay tax properly.
According to Richard De George ethical theory
Ethical absolutism: If you are not giving tax than it’s an unethical practice in religion that you cheat with government and it’s a crime in law. So, rational person in the society will take it as an unethical practice.
Ethical relativism: It depends on which society you belongs to their culture, value. It differs from society to society. So in our Bangladeshi society is not treating you as a bad citizen if you are not giving tax. So are not felling unethical.
Ethics Vs Crime
Sometimes ethics helps us to decide ethical decision.
Mr. Sweden Alladina a top listed criminal he murdered 23 people and suddenly you heard that RAB killed him in crossfire without any trail. Do you agree with this?
a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree
Standard deviation 0.205548
55% went for strongly agree
21% went for agree
4% went for neutral
12% went for disagree
8% went for strongly disagree
Mr. Sweden Alladina a top listed criminal murdered 23 people and suddenly RAB found him and killed him.RAB may arrest him and sent him to the court and then court may decide what need to do with him.
According to Anglo-Saxon and Jeremy Bentham ethical theory:
Utilitarianism: In utilitarianism anything morally right if it result in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. Hare Mr. Sweden Alladina killed 23 people and if he alive than may be he kill more people. So, according to utilitarianism concept it is ethical to kill Mr. Sweden Alladina.
People like beauty, building long-term a relationship with a person is always depends on the internal beauty of that person. And it also effects the duration of the relationship. When people are ethically right, they are not doing any unethical things, which is harmful for the society and its makes the society beautiful. When everybody is ethical then everybody is happy and the world became more beautiful than ever before because it brings the real beauty in life. This is only possible when people are internally beautiful, not externally. So beauty is skin deep.