Prisons as places of deprivation of liberty have existed since time immemorial, yet prisons as we know them today – places where offenders are sent by the Criminal Justice System as a punishment for their behaviour -are a product of ...

As early as the reign of King Hammurabi in Babylon, from 1792 to 1750 B. C., laws for dealing with crime has been codified. The Code of Hammurabi consisted of a collection of 282 judgments used in actual cases during ...

The term “gang” has instilled fear in communities and neighborhoods for decades. This fear is created by the violence exhibited by prison, street and motorcycle gangs. The media shows and tells the public that no one is safe and anyone ...

It’s often thought that when females commit a crime they are often given a lesser sentence than if they were a male and that more males commit crimes than compared to females. It is also often thought by females that ...

According to Andrew Ashworth (Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2010), p.77), section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing, and one which invites inconsistency. In the light of ...

The general prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4) [1] of the UN Charter forms a cornerstone of public international law. That prohibition is subject to a very narrow category of exceptions, all of which arise from the right ...

The standard of proof, in essence, can be loosely defined as the quantum of evidence that must be presented before a Court before a fact can be said to exist or not exist. As the type of cases before a ...

The Strategic Role of Lawyers in the Freedom Struggle The role of lawyers in India's freedom struggle: 1885 was a remarkable year in the history of India, a year which would determine the future of India, a new chapter in ...

The law of contract is a set of rules governing the relationship, content and validity of an agreement between two or more persons (individuals, companies or other institution) regarding the sale of goods, provision of services or exchange of interests ...

ICCPR and ICESCR ICESCR and ICCPR, together known as the “Bill of rights” was adopted by UN General Assembly on 16th Dec, 1966 were opened for signature at New York on 19 December 1966. The convents were entered into force ...