The debate about the recognition of individual as subjects of international law is as old as international law itself. This topic has been affirmed and rejected from the beginning, owing to different doctrinaire positions. Historically, only states were considered exclusive subjects of ...

Defining the Core Subjects of International Law A subject of International Law is a person (entity) who possesses international legal personality, i.e., capable of possessing international rights and obligations and having the capacity to take certain types of action on ...

Before we launch into assertions and statements, it is important to identify what a cyber attack actually is. Unlike conventional warfare, which takes place in the physical world and has “real” physical effects recognisable to all, cyber attacks are themselves ...

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX) (Definition of Aggression) was adopted by the United Nations General Assemblyon December 14, 1974 as a non-binding recommendation to the United Nations Security Council on the definition it should use for the crime of aggression. The establishment of ...

State Sovereignty today is the core principle behind interstate relations and our modern day world order. The concept of State Sovereignty contributed largely to the architecture of our present day nation-state system, and is embodied today through political authority. State ...

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free tradethroughout the Asia-Pacific region. Inspired from the success of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)’s series of post-ministerial conferences launched in the mid-1980s, the APEC was established in 1989 ...

A legal remedy, also judicial relief or a judicial remedy, is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes another court order to impose ...

Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law". Political organizations are constitutional to the extent that they "contain institutionalized mechanisms of power ...

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) traces its origins to the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, which laid the foundations for the post-World War II financial system and established two key institutions, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.  ...

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in ...