Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea(full text pdf file)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is one of the
most important constitutive instruments in international law. Not
only does this treaty regulate the uses of the world’s largest resource,
but it also contains a mandatory dispute settlement system — an
unusual phenomenon in international law. While some scholars have
lauded this development as a significant achievement, others have
been highly skeptical of its comprehensiveness and effectiveness. This
book explores whether a compulsory dispute settlement mechanism is
necessary for the regulation of the oceans under the Convention. The
requisite role of dispute settlement in the Convention is determined
through an assessment of its relationship to the substantive
provisions. Klein firstly describes the dispute settlement procedure in
the Convention. She then takes each of the issue areas subject to
limitations or exceptions to compulsory procedures entailing binding
decisions, and analyzes the inter-relationship between the substantive
and procedural rules.
natalie klein is a Lecturer at Macquarie University in Sydney,
Australia. She obtained her law degree from the University of
Adelaide, where she went on to teach international law. She
completed her Doctorate at Yale Law School in 2003. Klein was
recently an Associate at the New York office of Debevoise and Plimpton
LLP, where she practiced in international litigation and arbitration.
Klein has also worked as counsel to the Government of Eritrea on the
Eritrea/Yemen maritime boundary arbitration and the Eritrea/Ethiopia
boundary dispute, and as a consultant in the Codification Division of
the Office of Legal Affairs at the United Nations.
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cambridge studies in international and comparative law
Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields
of public and private international law and comparative law. Although these
are distinct legal subdisciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their
interrelation.
Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at
national, regional, and international levels. Private international law is now
often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical
conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law
under international auspices. Mixed international arbitrations, especially those
involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private
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General Editors James Crawford SC FBA
Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and
Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law,
University of Cambridge
John S. Bell FBA
Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth University of Adelaide
Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law School
Professor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden
Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law School
Professor Christopher Greenwood London School of Economics
Professor David Johnston University of Edinburgh
Professor Hein Kötz Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg
Professor Donald McRae University of Ottawa
Professor Onuma Yasuaki University of Tokyo
Professor Reinhard Zimmermann Universität Regensburg
Advisory Committee Professor D. W. Bowett QC
Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC
Professor J. A. Jolowicz QC
Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC
Professor Kurt Lipstein
Judge Stephen Schwebel
A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.
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Dispute Settlement in the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea
Natalie Klein
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published by the press s yndicate of the universit y of cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge universit y press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
C_ Natalie Klein 2005
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Swift 10/13 pt. System LATEX2? [tb]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Klein, Natalie (Natalie S.)
The role of dispute settlement in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea / Natalie
Klein.
p. cm. — (Cambridge studies in international and comparative law ; 39)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 83520 8 (hardback)
1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) 2. Law of the sea.
3. Arbitration, International. I. Title. II. Cambridge studies in international and
comparative law (Cambridge, England : 1996) ; 39.
KZA1120.3.K58 2004
341.4_5–dc22 2004051862
ISBN 0 521 83520 8 hardback
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Contents
Acknowledgements page viii
List of Abbreviations x
Table of treaties and other international instruments xii
Table of cases xxix
1 Introduction 1
Introduction 1
Historical Perspective 5
Present Perspective 24
2 The Dispute Settlement Procedure under UNCLOS 29
General Obligations Relating to the Pacific Settlement
of Disputes 31
Preliminary Means of Dispute Settlement under
UNCLOS 31
Dispute Settlement Through Procedures Other
than UNCLOS 34
Compulsory Procedures Entailing Binding Decisions 52
Choice of Procedure 53
Provisional Measures 59
Prompt Release of Vessels 85
Conclusion 119
Limits on Compulsory Procedures Entailing Binding
Decisions 121
Conclusion 123
v
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vi contents
3 Limitations on Applicability of Compulsory
Procedures Entailing Binding Decisions 125
Freedom of Navigation, Overflight, and the Laying of
Submarine Cables and Pipelines 126
Increasing Attribution of Exclusive Maritime Rights
over High Seas Areas 127
Regulation of the Freedoms of Navigation, Overflight,
and the Laying of Submarine Cables and Pipelines
in Extended Maritime Zones 133
Dispute Settlement and the Freedoms of Navigation,
Overflight, and the Laying of Submarine Cables and
Pipelines on the Continental Shelf and in the EEZ 138
Conclusion 144
Protection and Preservation of the Marine
Environment 145
Disputes Related to General Rules and Standards for the
Protection and Preservation of the Marine
Environment in the EEZ and on the Continental
Shelf 148
Disputes Related to International Rules and Standards
Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment in
the EEZ and on the Continental Shelf 152
Conclusion 162
Fishing 164
Increasing Regulation of the Freedom of Fishing 165
Resolution of Disputes Relating to Fishing 175
Marine Scientific Research 208
Regulation of the Freedom to Conduct Marine Scientific
Research under UNCLOS 209
Compulsory Settlement of Disputes Relating to Marine
Scientific Research 212
Conclusion 220
Conclusion 221
4 Optional Exceptions to Applicability of Compulsory
Procedures Entailing Binding Decisions 227
Introduction 227
Maritime Delimitation and Historic Title Disputes 228
Maritime Delimitation Prior to UNCLOS 230
Maritime Delimitation and Historic Title under UNCLOS 240
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contents vii
Dispute Settlement Procedures for Maritime
Delimitation and Historic Title 253
Other Disputes Relating to Maritime Delimitation
and Historic Title 263
Conclusion 278
Use of Force, Military Activities, and Law Enforcement 279
Resolution of Disputes Relating to Armed Conflict
at Sea 281
Military Activities on the High Seas and in the EEZ 285
Passage through Territorial Seas, Straits, and
Archipelagic Waters 292
Law Enforcement 307
Conclusion 313
5 Deep Seabed Mining 317
Development of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime 317
Regime Established under Part XI of UNCLOS and the
1994 Agreement 323
International Seabed Authority 324
Transfer of Technology 330
Competition with Land-Based Producers 331
Financing 333
Pioneer Mining Activities 334
Conclusion 336
Alternative Deep Seabed Mining Regime 336
Customary Law Regulation of Deep Seabed Mining 337
Domestic Legislation 338
Dispute Settlement under the Alternative Regime 341
Conclusion 346
6 Conclusion 349
Bibliography 369
Index 397
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Acknowledgements
From the inception of this work, I had the extreme good fortune of working
under the supervision of Professor Michael Reisman. His advice and
guidance throughout this project have been invaluable and I am very
grateful for all of the time and consideration he has given to my work.
This work was also significantly improved because of the intellectual
contributions of Professor Lea Brilmayer and Professor Ruth Wedgwood.
Professor Brilmayer has indelibly influenced my life through our work
for the Government of Eritrea. To me, she epitomizes what it means to be
a teacher, scholar, and international lawyer. Professor Wedgwood always
pushed me to think more critically and to take into account a political
dynamic that I might well have otherwise overlooked. Most of all, Professors
Reisman, Brilmayer, and Wedgwood fundamentally changed my
understanding of public international law and as a result, their instruction
has greatly enriched my scholarship.
As a student of international law at the University of Adelaide in
Australia, Professor Hilary Charlesworth, Dr. Judith Gardam, and Gerald
McGinley first introduced me to the world of international law and
opened up many possibilities for me. I am particularly grateful for the
ongoing support and advice of Dr. Gardam.
This book is based on my dissertation prepared in fulfillment of the
requirements for the Doctor of the Science of Law at Yale Law School. My
residence at Yale Law School was made possible through the award of
the Howard M. Holtzmann Fellowship in International Arbitration and
a Lillian Goldman Fellowship. Many people at Yale Law School provided
assistance to me in a myriad of ways, resolving a range of administrative,
technical and financial issues, and in this regard, I would like to thank
Judy Couture, Associate Dean Barbara Safriet, Judith Miller, John Davie,
Cina Santos, Paddy Spiegelhalter, Marge Camera, and Yvonne Squeri.
viii
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acknowledgements ix
The transformation from dissertation to book was completed during
my time as an associate at Debevoise and Plimpton LLP, and I am grateful
for the support of Donald Francis Donovan throughout this undertaking.
My thanks also to Lorraine Cali for her assistance during the final editing
of the text.
Essential to me throughout this undertaking, and all leading up to
it, are those who have provided indispensable moral support. My family,
especially Sue Klein, Stephen Klein, Grant Klein, and Ann Coates, has
been a constant source of support that I have relied on at all stages of
my education, probably more than I truly realize. Matthew Kelly, Daniel
Bonilla, Kirsten Edwards, Annette Florance, Kate Hewson, Marica Ilich,
Victoria Langmaid, Tracy Macdonald, Jonathan Marshall, Kate Melvin,
Nathalia Mendieta, Nicole Pettitt, Radoslav Prochazka, Elizabeth Reed,
Esteban Restrepo, Karina Rook, Ralf Sauer, Andrei Stoica, and Paul Wisch
have been unfailing in their enthusiasm and encouragement, and their
ongoing support has been absolutely invaluable. I could not have completed
this book without them.
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Abbreviations
1994 Agreement Agreement Relating to the
Implementation of Part XI of the
United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea, 1994.
CCAMLR Convention on the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources,
1980.
CCSBT Convention for the Conservation of
Southern Bluefin Tuna, 1993.
Codification Conference Rosenne, Shabtai ed., League of
Nations, Conference for the
Codification of International Law
[1930] (1975).
Continental Shelf Convention Convention on the Continental
Shelf, 1958.
Dispute Resolving Agreement Agreement Concerning Interim
Arrangements Relating to
Polymetallic Nodules of the Deep
Sea Bed, 1982.
DSHMR Act Deep Seabed Hard Mineral
Resources Act.
EC, or Community European Community.
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone.
First Conference First United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea (1958).
Fishing and Conservation Convention on Fishing and
Convention Conservation of the Living
Resources of the High Seas, 1958.
x
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abbreviations xi
FSA, or Fish Stocks Agreement Agreement for the Implementation
of the Provisions of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea Relating to the
Conservation and Management of
Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly
Migratory Fish Stocks.
High Seas Convention Convention on the High Seas, 1958.
ICJ International Court of Justice.
ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law
of the Sea.
NIEO New International Economic Order.
OSPAR Convention 1992 Convention for the Protection
of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic.
PCIJ Permanent Court of International
Justice.
Prepcom Preparatory Commission
established under Resolution I of
the Final Act of the Conference.
Second Conference Second United Nations Conference
on the Law of the Sea (1960).
Territorial Sea Convention Convention on the Territorial Sea
and Contiguous Zone, 1958.
Third Conference Third United Nations Conference
on the Law of the Sea (1974–82).
UN United Nations.
UNCLOS, or Convention United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea, 1982.
WTO World Trade Organization.
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Table of treaties and other
international instruments
1648
Oct. 24 France — Holy Roman Empire, Treaty of Westphalia (1 CTS 271;
6 Dumont, Part I, 450) 6–8
1794
Nov. 19 Great Britain — USA, Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation
(Jay Treaty) (8 Stat 116; 6 Martens R, 338; 5 Martens R 2, 641; USTS
105; 1 US Treaties 590; 2 Miller, Treaties 245; 1 BFSP Part I, 784; 52
CTS 243) 8
1899
July 29 Hague Convention I for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes (187 CTS 410; 26 Martens NRG, 2nd ser. 920; 1 Bevans 230;
91 BFSP 970; 2 US Treaties 2016; 21 RTAF 703; 23 Hertslet 509;
USTS 392; 32 Stat 1779; JOF 1 December 1900, 306; 1 AJIL (1907)
Supp. 107) 8
art. 19 8
1907
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No VI relating to the Status of Enemy
Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities (3 Martens NRG,
3rd ser. 533; 100 BFSP 365; UKTS 10 (1910); 205 CTS 306) 281
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No VII relating to the Conversion of
Merchant Ships into Warships (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 557; 100
BFSP 377; UKTS 11 (1910); 205 CTS 319; Roberts and Guelff,
Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd edn 95) 281
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No VIII relating to the Laying of Automatic
Submarine Contact Mines (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 580; 36 Stat
2332; 1 Bevans 669; 100 BFSP 389; 2 US Treaties 2304; UKTS 12
(1910); 205 CTS 331; Roberts and Guelff, Documents on the Laws of
War, 3rd edn 103) 281
xii
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table of treaties xiii
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No IX respecting Bombardment by Naval
Forces in Time of War (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 604; 36 Stat 2415; 1
Bevans 681; 100 BFSP 401; 2 US Treaties 2314; UKTS 13 (1910); 205
CTS 345; Roberts and Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd edn
111) 281
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No XI relative to Certain Restrictions on the
Exercise of the Right of Capture in Maritime War (3 Martens NRG,
3rd ser. 663; 100 BFSP 422; 1 Bevans 711; 76 Stat 2396; 2 US
Treaties 2341; 205 CTS 367; UKTS 14 (1910); Roberts and Guelff,
Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd edn 119) 281
Oct. 18 Hague Convention No XIII concerning Rights and Duties of
Neutral Powers in Maritime Warfare (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 713;
36 Stat 2415; 1 Bevans 723; 100 BFSP 448; 2 US Treaties 2352; 205
CTS 395; USTS 545; Roberts and Guelff, Documents on the Laws of
War, 3rd edn 127) 281
1911
Feb. 7 Great Britain — USA, Treaty for the Protection of Fur Seals (213
CTS 73; 26 Hertslett 1222; UKTS 25 (1911), Cmd 5971; 37 Stat
1538; Malloy 2629; 12 Bevans 353) 166 n. 160: see also Great
Britain, Japan, Russia and the USA, Convention respecting
Measures for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals in the
North Pacific Ocean of 7 July 1911
July 7 Great Britain, Japan, Russia, USA, Convention respecting
Measures for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals in the
North Pacific Ocean (214 CTS 80; UKTS 2 (1912), Cmd 6034; 26
Hertslet 348; 37 Stat 1542; 1 Bevans 804) 166 n. 160
1919
June 28 Covenant of the League of Nations (1 Hudson 1; 112 BFSP 13;
13 AJIL (1919) Supp. 128, 361; UKTS 4 (1919); 3 US Treaties 3331; 11
Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 331; 225 CTS 195; Blackstone’s International
Law Documents, 5th edn 1) 9
art. 12 9
art. 14 9
1920
Dec. 16 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ,
Series D, No 1 (2nd edn), 7; UKTS 23 (1923), Cmd 1981; 1 Hudson
530; 6 LNTS 380), art. 36 9–10
1942
Feb. 26 UK — Venezuela, Treaty relating to the Submarine Areas of the
Gulf of Paria (UKTS 10 (1942); 205 LNTS 122) 128
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xiv table of treaties
1945
June 26 Charter of the United Nations (9 Hudson 327; UKTS 67 (1946),
Cmd 7015; 145 BFSP 805; USTS 993; 1 Peaslee 1288; 59 Stat 1031; 1
UNTS 16; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 190; JOF 13 January 1946; 3 Bevans
1153; Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 5th edn 8 (amended
version)) 2 n. 2, 281–84
Chapter I, art. 2(4) 10–11, 281–82
Chapter VI, art. 33(1) 16, 31–32, 236
Chapter VII 10–11, 23, 346
art. 39 10–11, 281–82
art. 41 10–11, 281–82
art. 42 10–11, 281–82
art. 48 10–11
art. 51 281–82
art. 51(4) 10–11
Chapter IX 11
Chapter X 11
Chapter XII 11
Chapter XIV, art. 92 11, 54–55
June 26 Statute of the International Court of Justice (9 Hudson 510;
UKTS 67 (1946), Cmd 7015; USTS 993; 145 BFSP 832; 1 Peaslee 1322;
3 Bevans 1179; 1945 CanTS 7; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 215n; JOF
13 January 1946; 59 Stat 1031)
art. 34 54–55
art. 36 11, 261
art. 36(1) 43–44
art. 41 60, 61–62
1950
Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms (213 UNTS 221; UKTS 71 (1953), Cmd 8969;
156 BFSP 915; ETS 5; 45 AJIL (1951) Supp. 24; 1 Peaslee 354; 2 Vert A
20; 1 HRR 65; JOF 4 May 1974; 1 EYB 316; 1974 RTAF 28) 95
n. 297
1952
May 9 International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the
North Pacific Ocean (205 UNTS 65; 159 BFSP 445; TIAS 2786; 3 CTS
1953) 192–93
1954
May 12 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the
Sea by Oil (327 UNTS 3; UKTS 56 (1958), Cmnd 595; 12 UST 2989;
TIAS 4900)
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table of treaties xv
1957
Mar. 25 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty
of Rome) (163 BFSP 206; 4 EYB (1956) 412; 298 UNTS 11; UKTS 15
(1979), Cmnd 7480; JOF 2 February 1958; 1958 RTAF 5; 12 Vert A
134) 49 n. 70, 60
1958
Apr. 29 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf (499 UNTS 311;
UKTS 39 (1964), Cmnd 2422; 15 UST 471; TIAS 5578; ATS 12 (1963);
JOF 4 December 1965; 1965 RTAF 100; 52 AJIL (1958) Supp. 858; 53
ILS 221; 87 JDI 512) 13, 129–30
art. 2 133–34
art. 2(4) 174
art. 5(8) 210–11
art. 3 135
art. 4 135
art. 6 235, 236–38, 239
Apr. 29 Geneva Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living
Resources of the High Seas (559 UNTS 285; UKTS 39 (1966), Cmnd
3028; 17 UST 138; TIAS 5969; ATS 12 (1963); JOF 24 December 1970;
1970 RTAF 119; 52 AJIL (1958) 851; 53 ILS 213; 1 Churchill 353)
13, 169, 170
art. 1 174
art. 6 170
Apr. 29 Geneva Convention on the High Seas (450 UNTS 82; UKTS 5
(1963), Cmnd 1929; 13 UST 2312; 53 ILS 226; TIAS 5200; ATS 12
(1963); 43 Vert A 5; 52 AJIL (1958) Supp. 842) 13
art. 2 208 n. 349, 286–88, 337–38
Apr. 29 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
(516 UNTS 205; 52 AJIL (1958) 834; 15 UST 1606; TIAS 5639; 53 ILS
194; ATS 12 (1963); UKTS 3 (1965), Cmnd 2511) 13
arts. 3-13 241
art. 5 268 n. 194
art. 6 168 n. 168
art. 7 268 n. 194
art. 12 233
art. 14 297 n. 317
art. 23 296
Apr. 29 Optional Protocol to the 1958 Law of the Sea Conventions
concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (450 UNTS 169;
UKTS 60 (1963), Cmnd 2112; 52 AJIL (1958) Supp. 862) 13,
16–17, 233, 236
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xvi table of treaties
1959
Dec. 1 Antarctic Treaty (402 UNTS 71; UKTS 97 (1961), Cmnd 1535; 12
UST 794; TIAS 4780; ATS 12 (1961); SATS 10 (1959); JOF 6 December
1961; 1961 RTAF 49; 57 Vert A 746; 54 AJIL (1960) 477; 1 Ruster 18;
Kiss 150) 38 n. 39
1969
Nov. 29 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High
Seas in cases of Oil Pollution (970 UNTS 211; 1969 UNJYB 166;
UKTS 77 (1975), Cmnd 6056; 26 UST 765, TIAS 8068; JOF 3 July
1975; 1975 RTAF 45; 48 Vert A 561; 9 ILM (1970) 25; 64 AJIL (1970)
471; 1 Ruster 460; 2 Churchill 592) 153 n. 115
1972
Dec. 29 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by the
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) (1046
UNTS 120; UKTS 43 (1967), Cmnd 6486; 26 UST 2403; TIAS 8165;
JOF 14 October 1977; 1977 RTAF 75; 56 Vert A 728; 11 ILM (1972)
1294; 67 AJIL (1973) 626; 12 IndJIL 647; 4 Churchill 311; Kiss 283)
153 n. 115, 160 n. 149
as amended by Protocol of 18 May 1978 (1340 UNTS 3; Misc 26 (1974),
Cmnd 5748; 17 ILM 546 (1978)) 153 n. 115
1980
May 20 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (UKTS 48 (1982), Cmnd 8714; TIAS 10240; 19 ILM (1980)
841; 33 UST 3476) 38 n. 39, 109–12, 192–93
1982
Sept. 2 Agreement concerning Interim Arrangements relating to
Polymetallic Nodules of the Deep Sea Bed (UKTS 46 (1982), Cmnd
8684; 21 ILM (1982) 950) 341–42
sec. 4(c) 341
sec. 4(d) 341
Dec. 10 Convention on the Law of the Sea (21 ILM (1982) 1261; Misc 11
(1983), 8941; 1833 UNTS 3 (1994); Brownlie, Basic Documents in
International Affairs, 3rd edn 129)
Preamble 22, 283
Part I, section 3, art. 19(1) 210
Part II, Introduction, art. 1(3) 213–14
Part II, section 1, art. 2 172, 294
Part II, section 2
art. 5 264
art. 7 264–73, 279
art. 7(1) 265–66
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table of treaties xvii
art. 7(3) 265–66
art. 7(5) 265–66
art. 10(6) 251–52
art. 13 275–76
art. 15 240–43, 259, 262–63, 269–70,
272–73, 279
art. 16 271, 272–73, 279
Part II, section 3, subsection A
art. 17 294
art. 19 172, 297–99, 302–3
art. 19(2)(a)-(f) 297
art. 19(2)(j) 210
art. 19(2)(l) 297
art. 20 295, 303
art. 21 172, 213–14, 295, 296–97
art. 21(1)(g) 209 n. 351, 210
art. 22 295
art. 25(1) 298–99
art. 25(3) 298–99
Part II, section 3, subsection B
art. 27 311
art. 28 311
Part II, section 3, subsection C
art. 29 280
art. 30 295, 296–97, 298–99
art. 31 295
Part II, section 4, art. 33 311
Part III, section 1
art. 35(c) 302 n. 343
art. 36 302 n. 343
Part III, section 2 301–4, 360
art. 37 301, 302 n. 343
art. 38 298 n. 322, 302–3
art. 39 303
art. 39(1)(a) 302–3
art. 39(1)(b) 302–3
art. 39(1)(c) 303
art. 40 209 n. 351, 210, 213–14, 303
art. 41 303
art. 42 172, 303
art. 44 303
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xviii table of treaties
Part III, section 3, art. 45 295, 302 n. 343
Part IV 360
art. 46 273, 304–5
art. 46(b) 252
art. 47 266
art. 47(6) 252
art. 49 139–40, 172
art. 51 172
art. 51(1) 252
art. 52 305–6
art. 53(3) 305
art. 53(5) 305–6
art. 53(6) 305–6
art. 53(9) 307
art. 53(10) 307
art. 53(12) 305–6
art. 54 305–6
Part V 130–33
art. 55 172
art. 56 104, 106, 137–38, 288
art. 56(1)(a) 130, 173
art. 56(1)(b) 130
art. 56(1)(b)(ii) 209 n. 351
art. 56(2) 139
art. 57 172, 240
art. 58 135–37, 353–54
art. 58(1) 136–38
art. 58(2) 288–90
art. 58(3) 137, 139
art. 61 174
art. 61(1) 173
art. 61(2) 173, 178
art. 61(3) 173, 179
art. 61(4) 178
art. 61(5) 178
art. 62 174, 180
art. 62(2) 173, 180–83
art. 62(3) 173, 182–83
art. 62(4) 183–85
art. 63 173–74, 195–96
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table of treaties xix
art. 64 173–74, 196
art. 64(1) 196
art. 66 173–74, 205
art. 66(3)(d) 205
art. 67 173–74
art. 67(1) 206
art. 67(2) 206–7
art. 67(3) 206
art. 68 174
art. 69 173
art. 70 173
art. 71 173–74, 309
art. 73 86, 92, 93–94, 98, 103–8, 136–37, 363
art. 73(1) 86, 108, 188–89
art. 73(2) 86, 93, 108, 117–18, 189, 309–10
art. 73(3) 95, 309
art. 73(4) 95
art. 74 240–41, 244–47, 259, 262–63, 269–70, 272–73, 279
art. 74(2) 253
art. 74(3) 248–49
art. 74(4) 258
art. 76 240, 271 n. 213
art. 77 271 n. 213
art. 77(1) 129
Part VI
art. 78(1) 133–34
art. 78(2) 134–35
art. 79 135
art. 79(1) 135
art. 79(3) 135
art. 79(4) 135
art. 83 240–41, 244–47, 259, 262–63, 269–70,
272–73, 279
art. 83(2) 253
art. 83(3) 248–49
art. 83(4) 258
art. 87 136, 286–88
Part VII, section 1 72
art. 87(1)(a) 96
art. 87(2) 287
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xx table of treaties
art. 88 287–88
art. 91 137
art. 91(1) 89–90
art. 95 290–91
art. 96 290–91
art. 99 137
art. 108 137
art. 109 137
art. 110(1) 311–13
art. 111 96, 311–13
Part VII, section 2
art. 116 174, 190
art. 117 174
arts 117-19 190
art. 118 174, 191–92
art. 119 175, 355–56
art. 119(1)(a) 355
art. 119(3) 190 n. 277
Part VIII
art. 121 273–78
art. 121(1) 273
art. 121(3) 274–75, 279
Part IX, art. 123 45
Part XI 21–22, 361–62
Part XI, section 2
art. 137 343–45
art. 137(2) 323
art. 137(3) 323
art. 141 288 n. 271
art. 143 209 n. 351
art. 144 288 n. 271, 330–31
art. 147 288 n. 271, 323
Part XI, section 3
art. 151(5) 331–32
art. 151(9) 331–32
art. 151(10) 331–32
art. 153(1) 324
art. 157 324
art. 153(2) 325
art. 170 324
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table of treaties xxi
Part XI, section 4, art. 171 333–34
Part XI, section 5
art. 187 213–14, 327, 328
art. 188 328
Part XII 145–64
Part XII, section 1 145
art. 192 45, 148
art. 193 45, 148
art. 194 45
Part XII, section 2 145
art. 194(1) 153
art. 197 45, 148–49
art. 198 149
art. 199 148–49
art. 200 148–49, 152
art. 202 148–49
Part XII, section 3 145
Part XII, section 4 145
art. 204 149, 152
art. 206 149
Part XII, section 5 145, 153
art. 207 45, 152
art. 207(4)
art. 208 152
art. 209 152
art. 210 160 n. 149
art. 210(3) 154
art. 210(5) 154
art. 211 45
art. 211(1) 155
art. 211(2) 155
art. 211(3) 155
art. 211(7) 155
art. 211(6)(a) 154–55
art. 211(6)(c) 154–55
Part XII, section 6 145
art. 213 45
art. 216 86
art. 217(1) 156
art. 217(2)-(8) 156
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xxii table of treaties
art. 218 86
art. 218(1) 156–57
art. 218(2) 156–57
art. 220 86, 106, 108, 118, 157–58
art. 220(1) 157–58
art. 220(2) 157–58
art. 220(3) 157–58
art. 220(5) 157–58
art. 220(6) 136–37
art. 226
Part XII, section 7
art. 226 106, 108, 118
art. 226(1)(b) 86
art. 226(1)(c) 136–37
Part XII, section 11, art. 237 160
Part XIII 209–21, 356–57
Part XIII, section 1
art. 238 209
art. 239 209
art. 240 209–10, 288 n. 271
Part XIII, section 2 209–10
art. 244 215
Part XIII, section 3
art. 245 210
art. 246 211, 213, 215–18, 219–20
art. 246(2) 215–16
art. 246(3) 216
art. 246(4) 216
art. 246(5) 211, 219–20
art. 246(8) 218
art. 248 212, 218
art. 249 212, 215, 218
art. 252 211
art. 253 212, 213, 218–20
art. 253(2) 218
art. 253(3) 218
Part XIII, section 4 212
Part XIII, section 6
art. 264 212
art. 265 212
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