Tlat-1 TREATY FOR THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (TREATY OF TLATELOLCO)Opened for Signature: 14 February 1967 Entered into Force: 25 April 1969. Number of Signatories: 33 states. Number of Ratifications: 33 states. Duration: The treaty is of a permanent nature and shall remain in force indefinitely. Treaty Text On 23 October 2002, the Tlatelolco Treaty came into full force throughout the region when Cuba, the only state which had not ratified the treaty, deposited its instrument of ratification. Currently, all 33 states in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean have signed and ratified the treaty. The Tlatelolco Treaty has served as a model for all future nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) agreements. Background: Costa Rica was the first regional state to propose a Latin American nuclear arms control arrangement at an Organization for the American States (OAS) Council meeting in 1958, which sought to prevent the manufacture of nuclear arms or their acquisition from the nuclear weapon states (NWS). Other proposals were unsuccessfully floated within the OAS context during 1958-1960. French nuclear weapon testing in the Sahara in 1960, together with the South African apartheid regime’s interest in nuclear arms, led the African states to is-sue a call for an African NWFZ, which was endorsed by the UN General Assembly in 1961. Alone among Latin American states, Brazil supported the African NWFZ resolution and proposed a similar zone within its region. The efforts of Alfonso Garcia Robles, as Mexican ambassador to Brazil, eventually led, in March 1963, to Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador joining Mexico in supporting a Latin American NWFZ. Treaty Obligations: The treaty aims to prohibit and prevent in the region: (a) the testing, use, manufac-ture, production, or acquisition by any means what-soever of any nuclear weapons, by the Parties them-selves, directly or indirectly, on behalf of anyone else, or in any other way, and (b) the receipt, storage, installation, deployment, and any form of possession of any nuclear weapons, directly or indirectly, by the Parties themselves, by anyone on their behalf, or in any other way. The Parties also undertake to refrain from engaging in encouraging or authorizing, directly or indirectly, or in any way participating in the test-ing, use, manufacture, production, possession, or control of any nuclear weapons. Treaty Zone: The treaty covers the region and large sectors of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Verification and Compliance: Verification: Verification is accomplished by con-cluding multilateral or bilateral agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the application of its safeguards to nuclear activities of States Parties to the treaty. In addition, the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) is an inter-governmental agency created by the Treaty of Tlate-lolco to ensure that the obligations of the treaty are met.. Compliance: The General Conference, the supreme organ of the OPANAL agency, will take note of all cases in which any Contracting Party is not comply-ing fully with its obligations under this treaty and shall draw the matter to the attention of the Party concerned, making such recommendations as it deems appropriate. If such non-compliance consti-tutes a violation of this treaty which might endanger peace and security, the General Conference may re-port simultaneously to the United Nations Security Council and the General Assembly through the Sec-retary-General of the United Nations, and to the Council of the Organization of American States. The General Conference shall likewise report to the IAEA for such purposes as are relevant in accordance with its Statute. Additional Protocol I provides for the application of the status of denuclearization in territories for which, de jure or de facto, France, the Netherlands, the Unit-ed Kingdom, and the United States are internationally responsible, and which lie within the limits of the geographic zone established by the treaty. All four states have acceded to Protocol I. Signed: France on TREATY OF TLATELOLCO Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes © Center for Nonproliferation Studies Last Updated: 6/12/2009 Tlat-2 2 March 1979, the Netherlands on 15 March 1968, United Kingdom on 20 December 1967, and United States on 26 May 1977. Ratified: France on 24 Au-gust 1992, the Netherlands on 26 July 1971, United Kingdom on 11 December 1969, and United States on 23 November 1981. Additional Protocol II obliges all NWS to respect the status of denuclearization of the relevant geo-graphic zone and commits them not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against parties to the treaty. All five NWS acceded to the protocol. Ratified: France on 22 March 1974, China on 2 June 1974, United Kingdom on 11 December 1969, United States on 12 May 1971, and USSR on 8 January 1979. Developments: 2008: On 8 February, the Organization of American States Permanent Council’s Committee on Hemis-pheric Security convened in special session to con-sider OAS progress with respect to initiatives on the CTBT and related instruments. The session re-ceived briefings from the OPANAL, CTBTO, and UNODA, and reaffirmed the OAS commitment to the Western Hemisphere as a nuclear weapons free-zone and stressed its support for the CTBT. 2007: On 14 February, members of the Treaty of Tlatelolco met in Mexico City to celebrate the Trea-ty’s 40th anniversary. On 28 June, OPANAL adopted resolution C/Res.43 on procedural issues relating to the resignation of Secretary General Edmundo Vargas Carreno. The OPANAL council resolved to assume the duties of the Secretary General until a new one is elected. 2006: On 11 September, OPANAL adopted resolu-tion C/Res.41. The resolution welcomed the estab-lishment of the Central Asian Nuclear-WeaponsFree Zone and instructed the Secretary General to congra-tulate the relevant republics on its behalf. On 7 December, OPANAL adopted resolution C/Res.42 on strengthening the organization. The res-olution urges OPANAL members to promote cam-paigns to disseminate the principles and objectives of the Treaty. 2005: On 26-28 April, the Conference of States Par-ties and Signatories of Treaties that establish Nuc-lear-Weapon-Free Zones was held in Tlatelolco, Mexico. The Conference adopted a declaration, reaf-firming that nuclear weapons constitute a threat to humanity, urging nuclear weapons states to adopt negative security assurances, and stressing the impor-tance of the right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy. 2003: The XVIII Session of the General Conference of OPANAL adopted several resolutions related to the Tlatelolco Treaty: CG/Res. 439 Status of the Treaty and its Additional Protocols, CG/Res. 444 Prevention of Radioactive Contamination of the Ma-rine Environment within the Framework of the Treaty of Tlatelolco: Transportation of radioactive material, and CG/Res. 447 Declarations of Nuclear Powers to the Additional Protocols I and II of the Treaty of Tla-telolco. 2002: On 23 October, Cuba ratified the Tlatelolco Treaty. With its ratification, the treaty came into full force throughout all 33 states within the region. Cuba had announced to the UNGA that it would accede to the NPT and ratify the Tlatelolco Treaty on 14 Octo-ber. 1995: On 25 March, Cuba signed the Tlatelolco Trea-ty and subsequently signed its amendments in De-cember. However, Cuba did not ratify the treaty. By this point in time, all 33 states in Latin America and the Caribbean had become signatories of the treaty. It took the treaty nearly 30 years to secure universality of membership in the region. 1992: General Conference Resolution 290 (E-VII) (1992) amended Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 20, reas-suring the confidentiality of industrial secrets of Member States in nuclear matters and establishing how the IAEA shall intervene in the special inspec-tions referred to in Article 12 and 13 of the Treaty. 1991: At the XII Session of the General Conference of OPANAL, Resolution 268 (XII) amended para-graph 2 of Article 25, following the wording of Ar-ticle 8 of the OAS Charter, making possible the adhe-rence to the System of Tlatelolco of those countries which previously impeded to do so. 1990: On 3 July, V Special Session of the General Conference Resolution 267 (E-V) (1990) amended Article 7, relating to the legal denomination of the Treaty. Once into force, the Treaty was to be titled “Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean” but was to contin-ue to be recognized as Treaty of Tlatelolco. 1982: Alfonso García Robles, the former Mexican ambassador to Brazil, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts promoting the Treaty of Tlatelol-co. 1969: The Treaty entered into force on 25 April, after 11 states of the region ratified it and exercised the TREATY OF TLATELOLCO Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes © Center for Nonproliferation Studies Last Updated: 6/12/2009 Tlat-3 right to waive requirements laid down in Article 28. Subsequently, it became effective for each additional state individually after that state ratified the Treaty and exercised its right of waiver. Point of Contact: Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Col. Chapultepec Morales Schiller 326 – 5º piso México D.F. 11570 México http://www.opanal.org Tel: (52-55) 5255-2914, 5255-4198 and 5545-9251 Fax: (52-55) 5255-3748