Village Map and Transrct

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1.1 Introduction

In all over the world village has some uniqueness we find this uniqueness in most of the subcontinent country. Bangladesh is one of them, where village and each person are primarily representing his/her village culture, history and origin. Our Bangladesh is consists of sixty eight thousand villages where more than 80 % peoples live here. The concept “ Gram ” that refer by Aryan, who entered in South Asia over 3000 years ago, social organizations of affinity groups of families. All the village that have primary structures like families, social groupings, etc. formed by traditionally conferred roles and position which are taken as given by the members of the society. Now a days village people are neglected year by year but the interesting thing is about 72% of our GDP comes from our agriculture which is commonly produced by our village farmers. Many of our farmers are peasants and most of the time they cultivates of others land. The real truth is that majority of them lives below the poverty level. Furthermore our natural beauty and our roots history reflect our sixty eight thousand villages.

1.2 Objective

The objective of a map is to show the major and minor resources and places of a selected area. From map we can get and overview of a place or a place. So by drawing a map of the village Jagannthpur we try to give an overall representation about its geographical location as well as its major and minor capital like peoples, types of house, types of trees and lands, types of occupation, level of education, gender deviation, level of earnings etc. By providing this information we also try to represent about Jagannthpur’s economic condition, living style, nature beauty of the village and lastly problems and probable solution of the problems.

1.3 Limitation

There was some limitation in our research. The limitation the found are given below:

• We measured the percentages of some measurement and criteria based on selected 25 families. Which will not give over all idea about the village
• Time constrain is one of the major issue to get actual data.
• To draw the village map, Para map and Transect map we had only one day. Moreover that was the first day to visit our assigned village. So it was difficult to communicate with the village people on the very first day.
• We try to focus the whole village based on only a small Para.
• In our research area there is no secondary data available, whish is a major loophole of our survey area.

2. 1 INTRODUCTION

Since we had to deal with people who are mostly illiterate, primary data were collected from filed work by building PRA’s and conducting Focus Group interviews. However, different sampling and other techniques according to different topics were adopted which are given in details below:

2.2 FOR VILLAGE MAP AND TRANSRCT

Transact of 200 steps of the BARAHAAT PARA was taken. With the help of local villagers, the entire map of JAGANNATHPUR was taken. We took an account of demography of the village through PRA.

2.3 FOR SOCIAL CHANGE PROCESS

For social change process, we used convenience sampling method-a type of non-probability sampling method for getting information about the social change.

2.4 FOR WEALTH RANKING AND RESOURCE MAPPING

We gathered PRA’s and arranged Focus group interviews at houses for sample design, we used Stratified sampling method, where we drew sub samples from samples within different strata of the society, classifying them based on some common characteristics. This is a probability method of sampling.

2.5 For seasonal cropping pattern and pricing

For getting data regarding to this topic, we made use of judgmental or purposive sampling method in which we have interviewed only the peasants and farmers those people who are related to agricultural occupation.

2.6 FOR HOUSEHOLD AND GENDER ROLE

For information regarding daily activities, we went for quota sampling where we grouped our population sampling on the basis of different age and gender group.

2.7 FOR MARKET ANALYSIS

For gathering information regarding rural market structure and their COD, we interviewed the wholesaler and the retailer of KHOCHABARI HAAT.

3.1 Introduction

Map of Thakurgaon District

3.2 Para Map:

My assigned village (Jagannathpur) was so big which is not possible to come up a over view of the village. That is why I have concentrated on one Para as a sample of whole village. My selected a Para was Barahaat Para, where I can get overall idea like education, culture, no of male and female etc. Md. Mohon Ali to draw the map of Barahaat Para,and visit with to observe the whole Para at a glance. I had to survey twenty-five questionnaires to understand the age and sex distribution of Barahaat Para. Therefore, I have accumulated all the data into one table and converted into 100% from the questionnaire survey.

3.3 Barahaat Para:

The history of our study on assigned village is really interesting. Because of the village name, Barahaat para. By talking with the villager I have found out why the name is so. Villagers said 100 years before twelve people came to this place from another area and made twelve houses. In Bengali twelve means “ baro” so they decided to call this place as Barahaat para.

3.4 Population, Voter and Households:

The total of population in Jagannathpur is approximately 4300. Among them 3150 are voter (1150 male and 1050 female). In my assigned area there are around 200 people are live in Barahaat Para. where about 62 is male voter and about 55 is female inhabitant predominantly most of the inhabitants are Muslim at the same time site by site other religious people are also staying in this village. From the table I could come up one conclusion that this young age group people are staying in this Barahaat Para.

Table No 3.1 Age and Sex Distribution of Study Population

Age Group	Male		Female
	No.	%	No.	%
1 to 10	14	11.97	10	8.55
11 to 20	14	11.97	15	12.82
21 to 30	15	12.82	14	11.97
31 to 40	5	4.27	7	5.98
41 to 50	8	6.84	5	4.27
51 to 60	3	2.56	1	0.85
61 to 70	3	2.56	1	0.85
71 to 80	–		1	0.85
81 to 90	–		1	0.85
Total	62	52.99	55	47.01

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

3.5 House Type:

People of Barahaat Para is used for living traditional houses, where house where build up by tin and bamboo combination. Recently they are using modern construction materials. Barahaat Para villagers day by day grabbing more cultivable land for house hold purpose and imaging of nuclear family.

3.6 Family Type

As like city and towns the villagers are moving joint families to nuclear families. In my survey I have found 21 families running nuclear family structure, which was 84% and only 4 families as 16% in joint family structure. And this change occurred vastly after liberation period. This change has a strong impact over the lifestyle of the villagers.

Table No. 3.3 Family Type

Family Type	No.	%
Nuclear	21	84
Joint	4	16
Total	25	100

N = 125 Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

3.7 School

Unfortunately in education rate of the village is so poor. From survey I have found that after primary school compilation drop out rate is too high, at the same time female condition is more worse. In the Jagannathpur there are Primary School, one Girls High School (Jagannathpur Girls School) and six NGO School in Jagannathpur. In our assigned Para there is only one BRAC School where most of students enrolled as student, rest of them go to Jagannathpur Primary school.

Table No 3.3 Educational Background of Currently Enrolled Students

Level of Education	Male		Female
	No.	%	No.	%
Primary	8	42.11	5	26.32
Secondary (Non SSC)	3	15.79	2	10.53
SSC	0	0.00	0	0.00
HSC	0	0.00	1	5.26
Graduation	0	0.00	0	0.00
Masters	0	0.00	0	0.00
Total Population	11	57.89	8	42.11

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

3.8 Marital Status

Male is more unmarried than female and married no is same in both male and female. According to our observation now a days male person are more career concern then their predecessors. There is a few numbers of widow and divorced women in our para. Most of the female got married in their early life stage.

3.9 Mosque and Temple:

In Jagannathpur village there are 11 mosques and three Hindu temples. In Matihak Para there are 3, in Khalifa Para there are 2, in Nebda Para there is 1, In Mijanur Para there are 2 and in Doba Para there are 3 mosque. Again among the three Hindu temples one of them is in Barahaat Para and rest of the temples are in Khalifa Para.

3.10 Shop:

There are little paltry tea shop and a grocery shop in our assigned village. In our assigned Para which is Barahaat Para we found three petty shops where village people buy their daily groceries like rice, dal, biscuit and other necessary goods are available.

3.11 Trees:

Once Jagannathpur was very rich with its trees especially fruit trees. There are number of fruit trees like mango, jack-fruit, litchi, banana, lemon, coconut, guava, palm etc but now it is tumbling day by day according the villager point of view. Still I have also found wooden trees like mahogany, eucalyptus and lots of bamboo as bushes. Unfortunately there is no social forest.

3.12 Transport and communication:

The village Jagannathpur is located on the north east part of MKP (Manab Kallan and the distance between Jagannathpur and MKP is around 2 km. the village people usually come to city area by rickshaw. They also used tempo.The communication system of Jagannathpur is not bad because most of the roads are pitch some are semi pitch here but some how the transportation facilities are gradually improving because flood and naturally calamite dose not effect.

Transect of Barahaat Para

To get the micro view of the whole Barahaat Para I do transect. Transect is on type of PRA technique which represents the structure of the whole village in terms of its components. It has overall impact on the relationships between the different important components of the village. It includes soil type, the land used pattern, the types of crops and trees, etc.

3.13 Objectives:

1. To get a clear idea of the distribution of the natural resources and other resources.

2. To get an idea how the households are distributed within the village.

3. To know the problems in each area

3.14 Findings :

1. Barahaat Para land height is more or less plain, because people are using this land for agricultural purpose and house hold activates.
2. Soil type is more or less sandy and mixed people are use it for farming purpose.
3. in my transect map house hold are made of mud and clay some are also break made houses
4. There are different types of tress has been found, among this Mango, Bamboo bush etc.

3.1.5 Conclusion :

The LFE program helped us to view a real picture of a village and gave an environment to interact with the villagers. And this creates a feelings in our mind that how simple, easy, honest and helpful the villagers are!

4.1 Introduction

Bangladesh is overpopulated country where most of the people live in the village and they are poor. They are mainly depending on agriculture, small business and farming due to modernization and influence of mass media lots of social and structural process has been changed in village life such as family, education, life style, participation of media. Etc. 4.2 Effectiveness of Female Right:

In village life women right has been established from the respondent point of view such as casting vote and participation in media these two elements are vital for improve change the society or rural life and also moving outside which is significant and prominent role in Jagannathpur village. Still women are not proactive in market place it means that in business sector they are annulled.

Table No 4.1 Rights of Female

Issues	Response
	Yes		No
	No	%	No	%
Casting Vote	23	92	2	8
Shopping in the Market Place	5	20	20	80
Visiting Relatives Outside the Village	20	80	5	20
Watching TV at the Neighbors House	13	52	12	48

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

4.3 Positive Social Change Occurring

In my comparison study, lots of positive change has been come in Jagannathpur village. Female education improving, communication ,agricultural facilities has been significant percentage change in village life. Nuclear families and health care facilities have been improved almost double. So I can come up a conclusion that these changes have improved in Jagannathpur village. This represent over all view of whole district.

Table No 4.2 Positive Social Change

	Responses
Changes	No	2004%	2010%
Progress of Female Education	21	62	84
Improvement of Communication	18	35	72
Agricultural facilities has improved	14	39	56
Improvement in toilet facilities	12	40	48
No. of nutritious food has increased	6	18	24
Health facilities have improved	2	4	8
Nuclear families have increased	4	6	16

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

4.4 Negative Social Change Occurring

According to the villager point of view after the liberation percentage of dowry, money inflation, and interest rate of micro credit and high price of everything is higher than the percentage of deterioration of law and order situation or crime going bad to worse, if I go through the table except the unemployment rate all the situation people are suffering, women are more operated by the social structured by observation of last five years

Table No 4.3 Negative social change

Changes	No	2004%	2010%
Dowry	20	65	80
Money Inflation	20	70	80
Interest rate has increased for micro credit	12	39	48
Per Capita food land is decreasing	9	29	36
Product Value has increased	8	22	32
Unemployment rate has increased	11	70	44
Crime	7	10	28

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

Time or era	Types of house	Famil-y type	Study	Occupation	Do- wry	Tree	Entertainment
1971- 1980
1981- 1990
1991- 2000
2001- 2011

Social Change Process

4.5 Major changes of Jagannathpur village of Barahaat Para:

4.5.1 First decade from 1971 to 1980:

In the first decade of 1971 to 1980, villagers were use to stay clay house because of at that moment, people were not able to make concrete or ten set house. In that time people were staying with joint family where Grand father to Grand children were used to stay in same family and also shear same food. Their main occupation were agricultural based farming, where they were totally depend nature. Such as rain and flood base fertilization (Poli soil), cow dug etc. they also used primitive plowing system. Villager were not used to go school only religious based school were their. After the liberation in Jagannathpur villagers told it was a beginning dowry, Dowry was impose over the female, before that man were used to give dowry (Mohrana) to the female, according to Islamic low. Moreover, In that decade, there were so many types of trees like jackfruit, mango, gambrel, jam, bamboo tree in the village also lots of big Banyan trees, after the night fall lots of traditional folk (Jari, Morshadi and other traditional) song were sang by the villagers. In that time it was only entailment of the villagers. .

4.5.2 Second decade from 1981 to 1990:

In the second decade of 1981 to 1990, previously villagers were use to stay clay house due to improvement of ecumenical condition people were able to make concrete or semi ten set house. Before people were used to staying with joint family where Great Grand father this is area of one Grand father concept. According to the villager opinion this was the area of immerging of nuclear family, joint family start splitting family become one man family. Villagers start diversification of their occupation, before they only agricultural was the main occupation in the mid Eighties villager move to business, also start migration to other cities and our side the countries such as Middle East. Before they were totally depend nature fertilization and rain water but now they were started using comical fertilization, irrigation and use advance plowing system to grow more crops in their fields. In the mid 80s Villager were used to go primary school only at the same time religious based school were their. Dowry in Jagannathpur villagers more imposing to the Bride fathers, new type of demand has been imposed to the Bride fathers, some time it become more harder to manage money, family member were taking long high interest rate. Moreover, in that decade trees were reducing because inhabitance were make more house in the forest type area, still jackfruit, mango, gambrel, jam, bamboo trees were remain in the village. After the night fall lots of traditional folk song place has been occupied by mass media that was radio, TV and VCR. The villagers who were staying out site they were also sending different type entailment equipment.

4.5.3 Third decade from 1991 to 2000:

In the third face of 1991 to 2000, villagers were used to stay in ten make house one only few clay house where found, ecumenical condition people were able to make concrete or well furnished house. In this area people were used to staying with nuclear family where Grand father were found very hardly. According to the villager opinion this was the area of growing of nuclear family concept, few joint family remain in the village due mass growing of nuclear family. More diversification comes in the village life spicily women were starting their own business. Pungently they take the lone form different NGOs and doing poultry Bird business. Villager were also massive mobilization of different part of the county and Middle East also Fareast Asia such as Malaysia and other ASIAN countries. Dependency on nature almost gone in this area they were totally depending on chemical fertilization and irrigation. In the case of rain water, they preferred irrigation and use advance plowing system to grow more crops in their fields. In the eve of 90s most of the young villagers were used to go primary school also so they are going for higher study in city or capital, only religious based school their also. Dowry in Jagannathpur villagers was remain same, Man family were become more demanding to Bride fathers. Moreover, in that decade trees were reducing because inhabitance were make more house in the forest type area, still jackfruit, mango, gambrel, jam, bamboo trees were remain in the village. After the night fall few traditional folk song take place. TV and Cable connection make them more home based entertainment.

4.5.4 Last decade from 2001 to 2011:

This is the last face of 2001 to 2011, what I have found in the village area. In this area villagers are starting to stay in ten make house and constriction homes. I have fond only few clay house where found, ecumenical condition people have been changed lots and also make home well furnished house. In this area most of the people used to staying with nuclear family which contain four to six members. In this area Grand father concept totally absent, I have fond few families where grand father is their. Also people are different types of Berth control step to make the family small. This is the area of nuclear family, few joint families remain but they are waiting to break and become nuclear families. Diversification of occupation become common phenomenon in village life spicily, women become more supportive starting their own business home based and market oriented. In this time villager are going for mobilization of different part of the county. Now they are moving acceding to their skill they are moving all over the world.. Dependency on nature almost gone in this area they were totally depending on chemical fertilization and irrigation. In the case of rain water, they preferred irrigation and use advance plowing system such as power tiller and other machine have been used for cultivation. In the area most of the young villagers are used to go primary school and high school. They also move for city or capital, in this area religious based school become unpopular, due to less job opportunities. According to the villager view that after 2005 dowry in Jagannathpur villagers was become more problem at the same time divorce rate has been increasingly, which become a problem for Bride family. Now NGOs and other social organization are more proactive step for these divorced women to make their right in the society, Such as small lone and different types of training programs etc. Farther more, in that decade trees and land place are reducing because inhabitance were make more house in the forest and cultivable land, few trees are remain in Jagannathpur villagers. Such as, jackfruit, mango, gambrel, jam, bamboo trees were remain in the village. Very few time traditional folk songs take place. Because people are more active in TV and Cable connection make them more home based entertainment, according to the villager view they are enjoying more Indian movies and Bangladeshi Drama.

4.6 CONCLUSION

Social change is a massive incident which cannot be clarified by this small study. But, after studying the rural life style of the villagers we found that the overall condition is now changing.

5.1 Introduction

In my assigned village Jagannathpur (Barahat para ) there are different groups of people who are amalgamated with based on occoupation. The groups are different in their professions, their lifestyles and even in their thinking also. I have tried to identify the groups and the groups are mentioned below.

5.1.1 Occupation:

Barahaat Para village this is the same village which is found all over the Bangladesh where most of the people are farmer. What I have found 60%. In this part this big part of the population who are involved in daily labor and pottery industry, which contain 15 % and 10% of total population. Some are also Black smith and few people are service holder also some people are found how are involved in different activities. We have also found electrician, artist man in Barahaat Para.

The table shows that most of male and female of Barahaatpara

Table No.5.1 Primary Occupation (Dummy table 4)

Occupation	Male		Female
	No.	%	No.	%
Income Earner	39	33.33	3	2.56
House Wife	0	0.00	32	23.93
Student	11	9.40	11	6.84
Unemployed	0	0.00	0	0.00
Dependent(Children)	11	8.55	10	8.55
Dependent(Adult)	3	1.71	5	5.13
Total	64	52.99	61	47.01

N = 125 Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

5.1.2 Income based class system

Among the villager there are three basis economical class systems I have found in Barahaat Para.

Table No 3.5 Total Yearly Family Income

Income Range (Thousand in a Year) No. % Income Class 0-20 2 8 Lower 21-40 10 40 Lower 41-60 5 20 Lower 61-80 3 12 Middle 81-100 2 8 Middle 101-120 – – Middle 121-140 – – Upper 141-160 2 8 Upper 161-180 1 4 Upper 181-200 – – Upper Total 25 100

Source: LFE Field Survey, First Spring-2011

In Barahaat Para 25 families the majority of the families are in the lower-income

group. They were occupying 68% and middle-income group is 20% which was much lesser than lower class. In the higher income group there was only 12% family. Form my observation, among the family who is educated or doing job out site the country he has broad lots of improvement in the family.

5.2 Economic Condition and wealth Distribution of Jagannathpur (Barahaat para):

To accomplish one’s daily crucial needs one should have an income and to have an income one should have an occupation. The Jagannathpur village is very advanced in Farmer and daily labor. As we profession like pottery transport worker, construction worker, and service holder are going out different villages and other districts.

5.2.1 Wealth Ranking

Based on inherited land and owned and income generation, I have divided the population of the survey in three classes. The classes are

1) Upper Class (3 house hold).

2) Middle Class (12 house hold).

3) Lower Class ( 13 house hold)

In Barahaat Para 12% of the population falls in Upper Class. 52% of the population falls in the Middle class and the rest 36% of the population fall in the lower class. It can be said that majority of the population fall in the lower class.

5.2.2 Preeminence Formation:

Authority refers to the degree to which individuals or groups can impose their will to others with or without the consent of others. There are two forms of power authority-being a form of power which has some legitimate basis and coercion- a form of power which is not regarded as legitimate by those subject to it.

Power can be measured on how decisions are made according to the three categories of leaders:

• Politicians;
• Social Importance and
• Economic Importance.

Diagram A: Societal stratification and percentage.

Diagram “A” is indicating different class and number of people (in percentage) fall under different strata.

Diagram B: Landowner ship and name of decent based on class.

Diagram “B” is indicating the amount of land and different descent falls under distinct class. The arrow indicates total land possessed by each class decreases as it comes downward.

In a whole village around 8 % of the people are Rich and on an average having 30 to 45 Pakhi of land and more than that. Around 16 % of the villagers are belonging to the Upper Middle class, fairly having 2 to 4 Phaki of land. 36 % belong to the Middle class, having 1 to 2 Phaki of land of their own. Rest of them belongs to the Lower Middle and Poor class. Among the rest 16 % having only “vita” of their own and 24 % is land less.

5.2.3 Wealth Ranking:

Wealth ranking means categorizing the people of a particular area on the basis of the wealth they possess. As we have surveyed of 25 households so we have categorized the Jagannathpur villagers in to 3 classed. Land holding and annual income are the major determinants to judge the social class of Jagannathpur, Barahat Para. Apart from land holding and annual income occupation, economic group, possession of home appliances can also give the clear picture of wealth condition of the villagers. Thus, Wealth ranking tries to give us a complete view of social structure of the villagers.

5.2.3.1 Upper class:

People of this class can be very easily identified just by seeing whether they have own one or more cows and some cultivable land for agricultural purpose also they are using daily labor for cultivation. They are nuclear family also high education rate compare to other class of the villagers. Usually the upper class owns about 20-25 bighas of land. For the upper class people income sources are from every sector that we have mentioned earlier. They involved in agriculture, business and also different services. Furniture owned by this class of people is of luxurious quality if I think in context of a rural village.

5.2.3.2 Middle Class:

In the second step I have found middle class agriculture and small business are their main sources of income. Basically farmers and blacksmiths are of this group. They produce crop and vegetable in their own land. Now a days most of the middle class people use family planning process. Middle class people’s literacy rate is improving. The have also their own domestic animal their small business they look after by themselves. They have no servant for helping their household activities. All of them have the electricity. Every one of them live in the Tin shed house. Most of them have TV, Tape, and Cycle. Usually the middle class owns about 5-8 bighas of land.

Economical class system of Jagannathpur(Barahaat para):

Paramet er inco me class	FAMILY SIZE	INFRA STRU CTURE	CATTLE & POULTRY	INCOME SOURCE	INCOME PER YEAR	LAND SIZE
UPPER CLASS	More nuclear family	Very few brick house but tin shade.	They have cow, goat, hen and duck.	They earn from their own land, service as teaching, business.	Approx imately tk 2,000, 00 to 3,00,000 per year	They have 20-25 bighas of land.
MIDDLE CLASS	Nuclear family.	Maximum houses are made by tin & mud.	Basically they have 1 cow, 2-3 goat and hen.	They earn money from crop of own land and shop.	They have a earning of tk 1, 00000 to 1, 50,000 per year.	They have 10-12 bigghas of land.
LOWER CLASS	More joint family but they take foods separately.	Maximum house type is hut.	They only have hen and duck.	They are basicallydaily labor.	They can hardly earn to continue their every day which will not be more than 40000 tk per year.	They do not have their own land; they work as a labor in others land. Very few have 20-25 decimal of land.

5.2.3.3. Lower Class:

In the bottom I have lower class people they are the most oppressed class in the society. They don’t have cultivable land. So they are totally dependent on other land load. They are call (Borga Farmer), they lease the land from the rich farmer and cultivate it. They have no certain occupation. They primarily work as agricultural laborers in farms owned by others. They also pull rickshaw vans or engage themselves in such other economic activities. they have very primitive household where I have not found any electricity. Unfortunately they do not have any idea about family planning they have more children and less participation in education. Some women in the poor family give financial support to their family through sewing handicraft and making biri earns extra money. Girls in the poor family get married earlier than the upper and middle class families. They are cursed by dowry as cash or jewelry or cycle etc.

5.2.4 Domestic Animals:

Considering the table all most half of the people have the cow. Because directly or indirectly they are influence their economical activates. comparing to any other domestic animals cow and ox. Now a day people are more founding interest in second option that is poultry birds. This is because; poultry birds are the main sources of eggs for villagers. Frequencies for goat are very low and as any of the 25 surveyed households does not have buffalo as their domestic animal so we haven’t considered this animal to be enlisted. I have found 6 percent of Ox and goat. This Ox is sold during festivals like Eid-ul Azah and they can earn a lot of profit. We have also found some family who has no domestic animals. The percentage of this group is 29 percentages.

Domestic Animals	NO
Cows	27
Ox	4
Goat	3
Poultry Birds	29
None	0
Total	63

5.2.5 Storage Capacity:

In my assigned area most of the farmer got very poor amounts of money form their production of cultivation; it is very pity to say (68%) people who do not have any storage place. That is why they are selling their goods at a very poor price. Sometimes they could not even got the money back, what the lone they have taken form the NGO or Banks.Secondly,occasional agricultural laborers do not have that level of economic condition that they can have a storage place. And lastly, the agricultural laborers get so little amount of crops in their account that it is not a necessity for them to have a storage place.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CYCLE

Month Crop

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Poush

Magh

Falgon

Choitro

Boish- akh

Joish- tho

Ashar

Sra- bon

Bha- dro

Ash-ar

Kar- tik

Agr- Roh- yon

Po- ush

Paddy (Amon)

Corn

Potato

Egg- Plant

Legend	Land preparation	Seed Bed	Transplan -tation	Seed Showing	Irrigation	Fertilizing	Pest control	Weeding	Growing period	Harve -sting
Colour

5.3 Crops of Jagannathpur, Barahaat Para:

Villagers of Jagannathpur, Barahaat Para mainly concentrate on growing paddy corn, potato and Eggplant.They cultivate some selective kinds of paddy. In the local selection they have hybrid types of paddy like BIRRI 11, BIRRI 28, BIRRI 29 and BIRRI 32, 33. they are planting it asher and srabon and harvesting in poush mag In this area people usually cultivate during the Irri, Amon and potato in this season. In this are I have found that farmers are also growing corn and eggplant. Crop they grow it very quickly with four or five months but in the case eggplant they grow it January to march this is the best time to cultivate it.

5.3.1 Irrigation:

Villagers accomplish this process through irrigation machine called Deep machine. Every farmer’s have not their own Deep machine. Rich farmers have their own facilities in the case of Poor farmers they take the support.

5.3.2 Insect Killing:

Farmers use different types of insecticide to kill the harmful insect and bug, unfortunately they are using too much insecticide which killed the useful insects of a land such as earthworm. Because there are many dangerous insect that is harmful for paddy. Farmers use pesticides to kill insect which name is “Fonadung”. They use 1 packet of Foradang for 1 Bigha of land.

5.3.3 Fertilizer Application:

At the time of transplantation farmers use Urea, Sulfur and Potassium fertilizers. Locally these Sulfur and Potassium fertilizers are known as “Lal Shar” and “Kalo Shar” respectively. At the mid of Falgun (Feb-Mar) they apply the Urea fertilizer and if necessary the other two also.

5.3.4 Harvest:

At the beginning of Boishakh (Apr-May) crops ripping process are on a full pace and at the end of this month the harvesting process starts. Just before the Joishtha (May-Jun) or at the very beginning of Joishtha, harvest is completed for the Irri season and the Amon season starts. So, lands are being prepared then for that season’s crops. The end of the Amon season, Potato season starts.

5.4 Cost of production and Cost Benefit Analysis:

This table shows the cost and profit analysis for 1 bigha of Irri. Here we can see that, 8-10 kg seeds are needed for 1 bigha of Irri. The price of seed is tk 50 per kg. Total amount 500 taka. Total cost for land preparation is 480 taka. For tractor tk 5 per decimal and 1 labor for 120 taka. Total irrigation cost Tk 576 (18 taka per decimal). Fertilizing cost 1700 taka, it included Potash (1500/packet) and uria (600/packet). Pesticide 100 taka per packet total cost 100 taka. Harvesting cost 1200 taka. Transportation cost 100 taka. So, total cost for 1 bogha of Irri is equal to Tk 4656. Farmers will get 25 kon of paddy for 1 bigha of land. Then they sold it total 15000 taka (tk 600 per mon). So, the profit is tk 10344.

ITEM	PRICE	AMOUNT
SEEDS	8-10 KG (Tk 50/KG)	TK 500
LAND PREPARATION	TRACTOR (TK 5/DECIMAL) LABOR (120 TK PER LABOR)	TK 480
IRRIGATION	WATER ( TK 18 PER DECIMAL)	TK 576
FERTILIZER (TSP,POTASH,URIA)	POTASH­­­­­­­­—1500/PACKET URIA—- 600/PACKET TSP—1500/PACKET	TK 1,700
PESTICIDE (FORADANG)	100 PER PACKERT	TK 100
HARVESRING	TK 120 PER LABOR	TK 1,200
TRANSPORTARION		TK 100
TOTAL		TK 4,656
SELL	TK 600 PER MON	TK 15,000
PROFIT		TK 10,344

5.4.1 Leasing System

In this system the owners of the land give the land a person for the agreed amount of the money. When the person gives the money to the owner, he has the authority to produce whatever he wants. This agreement will continue as long as the owner will not repay the money.

Leases out the land for the specified amount of money

Return the land to the owners when