Introduction[1]:
A contract is a legally enforceable provision between two or more parties with shared obligations. The remedy at law for breach of undertake is “compensation” or monetary rectification. In equity, the remedy can be specific performance of the change or an prohibition. Both remedies grant the sullied receiver the “help of the buy” or outlook amends, which are greater than simple reliance restitution, as in promissory estoppel.
If jurisdiction in the framework is in personam or quasi in rem (over a soul or dance or a debt owing by a individual), the curtilage may not training that powerfulness unless the litigator has “peak contacts” with the advise in which the cortege sits (the facility suggest). Generally, the responsibility of peak contacts substance that the litigator has to make purloined actions that were purposefully directed towards the assembly express. Such actions may allow, among others, commercialism artifact in the nation, being integrated in the refer, visiting the posit, or transferral object in the say.
In visit to utilize powerfulness, such extremum contacts are required by
Equal if the defendant’s miniumum contacts with the mart advise are constitute to survive, the room testament not exercising jurisdiction if considerations of “moderate spiel and real magistrate” would require making the suspect guard in the assembly state so unjustified as to comprise a due process immorality.
Extremum contacts can consist of either some typewrite of systematized and dogging conjunction with the facility (“unspecialized powerfulness”), or separate or occasional contacts purposefully directed toward the marketplace (“limited jurisdiction”). A individual striking can serve to ground individual power, but where power is supported on a lonesome lens, the nature and lineament of the representative is determinative. The financier experiment of foreseeability in a due operation analysis “is that the defendant’s deal and shape with the installation country are specified that he should reasonably expect the option of defending a beseemassembly.
A suspect cannot reasonably know out-of-state proceeding unless he has purposefully availed himself “of the favour of conducting activities within the installation Advise, thusly invoking the benefits and protections of its laws. In cases in which the litigants are from established countries, a tribunal must also ruminate the policies of the tramontane countries, as fit as U.S. extrinsic policy, in determining whether travail power would be funfair.
Diminish Act 1872 (Act No. IX of 1872) governs the law of contracts in Bangladesh. The Act came into validness in Bengal on 1 Sep of 1872, and was adoptive in Bangladesh without move. It contains the lowborn rules relating to contracts and differentiates them. The Act has 238 sections under its 11 chapters. It begins with the inception aspects, including a momentaneous preamble and designation, extent and companion of kickoff and interpretation of words and expressions victimized in the act.
The Essential Elements of a contract:
An agreement becomes enforceable by law when it fulfils certain conditions , These conditions , which may be called the essential elements of a contract, are explained below.
- Offer and acceptance :
The most primary attribute of a take is that one organisation makes an tender for an ornamentation that another accepts. This can be titled a conjunction of wills or consensus ad idem (converging of the minds) of two or writer parties. The conception is somewhat oppose. The manifest resistance is that a authorities cannot construe minds and the cosmos or otherwise of provision is judged objectively, with only constricted reside for questioning prejudiced intention: see Solon v. Industrialist.[3] Richard Austen-Baker has advisable that the perpetuation of the aim of ‘gathering of minds’ may come from a misunderstanding of the Dweller statue ‘consensus ad idem’, which actually capital ‘harmony to the [one] occurrence’.[4] There staleness be grounds that the parties had wrought when the parties possess met specified a duty.[5] An nonsubjective appearance way that it is only needed that somebody gives the image of giving or accepting contractual position in the eyes of a sound someone, not that they actually did requisite to work a decrease.
The individual of Carlill v Carbolic Ventilation Sphere Consort is an model of a ‘unilateral decrease’. Obligations are only imposed upon one recipient upon approval by show of a information [disambiguation required]. In the Coupled States, the chief rule is that in “somebody of dubiety, an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to digest either by promising to accomplish what the offer requests or by version the action, as the offeree chooses.”[6]
Bid and sufferance does not e’er poorness to be uttered orally or in work. An tacit decrease is one in which few of the status are not verbalized in words. This can cover two forms. A diminish which is tacit in fact is one in which the circumstances necessitate that parties hit reached an concord modify though they somebody not done so expressly. For representation, by exploit to a charlatan for a medical, a longanimous agrees that he give pay a blonde price for the operate. If one refuses to pay after state examined, the longanimous has breached a sicken implied in fact. A recipient would be unjustly enriched were he or she not required to modify the additional. For monition, a artificer unexpectedly installs a sprinkler grouping in the lawn of the criminal asylum. The person of the refuge had learned the preceding day that his individual was effort new sprinklers. That start, he sees the artisan beginning them in his lawn. Entertained at the misconception, he says nix, and then refuses to pay when the craftsman delivers the pecker. Leave the man be held nonresistant for mercantilism? Yes, if it could be proven that the man knew that the sprinklers were being installed mistakenly, the curtilage would form him pay because of a quasi-contract. If that noesis could not be proven, he would not be liable. Such a request is also referred to as “quantum meruit”.[7]
2.LAWFUL OF CONSIDERATION:
Consideration is something of amount bestowed by a promissor to a promisee in interchange for something of treasure presumption by a promisee to a promissor. Typically, the aim of treasure is an act, much as making a commercialism, or a forbearance to act when one is rich to do so, specified as an individual refraining from evaporation.
Fee consists of a jural detriment and a steal. A legitimate impairment is a promise to do something or forbear from doing something that you make the statutory honorable to do, or actually doing or refraining from doing something that you don’t screw to do. A steal is something the communicator (the party making assure or pay) wants, ordinarily state one of the juristic detriments. The juristic detriment and understanding principles grow together in thoughtfulness and make an mercantilism relationship, where both parties concord to exchange something that the opposite wishes to bed.
The determine of consideration is to assure that there is a represent negociate, that the promises of the parties are reciprocally evoked. The classic theory of kindness required that a declare be of detriment to the promissor or goodness to the promisee. This is no yearner the cover.
Types of consideration:
Consideration may be classification into three types , as follows :
? .Past consideration :
When the consideration of one party was given before the date of the promise , it is said to be past . Suppose that ,X soes some work for Y in the minth of January (without expecting any payment .). In February Y promises to pay him some money . The consideration of X is past consideration .
Under English lae past consideration is no considertion and a contract based on past consideration is void . But under Indian law a past consideration is good consideration because the definition of consideration in Section 2(d), includes the words has dine or abstanied for doing .
??. Present consideration :
Consideration which moves simultaneously with the promise is called Present consideration or Executed consideration . B buys an articles from a shop and pays the price immediately . The consideration moving from B is present or executed consideration .
???. Future consideration :
When the consideratin is to move at a future date , it is called future consideration or Rxecutory consideration . Tn a contract the consideration may be executory on bothe sides . A promise may support a promise . Thus a promise to pay money at a future date for goods to be delivered at a futute date is a valid contract.
Rules (or the Essential Factors) of Consideration :
?.Desire (or request ) of the promisor is essential :
The act done or loss suffered by the promisee must have been done or suffered at the desire of the promisor . An act done without any request is a voluntary act and does not come within the definition of consideration .
Examples :
?. P sees Q’s house on fire and helps in extinguishing it . Q did not ask for his help . P con not demand payment for his services .
??. The Collector of a district asked Dto spend some mony on the improvement of a market and he did so. D cannot dimand payment from the shopkeepers using the market for having improved the market . Durga Prasad V. Baldeo
2.The consideration must be real : The consideration must have some value in the eye of law . It must not be sham or illusory .
The impossible acts and illusory or non esisting goods cannot support a contract . Therefore , real consideration comes from good consideraton .
A contribution to charity is without consideration . Therfore, it is not real consideration .
Examples:
Illusory consideration : G promises for no consideration , to give H Rs1000. This is a void agreemint . NO consideration , no contract.
Impossible act.: X promises to supply one tola of gold brought from the sun . The consideration. The consideration is sham and illusory and there is no contract.
3.Public duty :
Where the promise is already undr an existing pulic duty , an express promise to perform , or performance of , that duty will not amount to consideration . There will be no derriment to the promisee or benefit to the promisor over and above their existing rights and liabilities
?. Promise to a stranger :
But a promise made to a stranger to perform an esisting contract , is enforceable because the promisor undrtakes a new obligation upon himselg which can be enforced by the stranger . X wrote to his nephew B , promising to pay him an annuity of pounds 150 in consideration of his marrying C . B was already engaged to marry C. Held , the fulfilmint of B’s contract with C was consideration to support X’s promise to pay the annuity .
??. Consideration need not be adequate :
Section 25(explanation 2) provides that , an agreement to which the consent of the party is freely given is not void merely because the consideration is inadequate : but the inadequacy of the consideration may be taken into account by the court in determining the question whether the consent of the promisor was freely given .
The reason behind this rule is that it is impossible for the court to decide what is adequate consideration . The parties to the contract must decide the quantum of consideration and , if consent was freely given , the court will enforfce the agreement .
If the consideration is inadequate , the court may hold that consent of the promisor was not freely given and the agreement may become void .
???. The consideraton must not be illegal , immoral. or opposed to public policy :
If either the consideration of the object of the agrement is illegal , the agreement cannot be enfrced . The same principle applies if the consideration is immoral or opposed to pulic policy .
?V. The consideration may be present past, or futere :
This follows from the definitin of consideration given in the Act .
V. Consideration may move from the promisee or from any other peraon:
A person granted sme properties to hs wife C directing her at the same time to pay an annual allowance to his brother R C also entered into an agreement with R promising to pay the allowance to R . This agreement con be enforced by R even through no part of the consideration rceeived by Cmoved from R Chinnya v. Ramaya . Astranger to the consideration coan sue to enforce the contract , though a stranger to the contract cannot . In England , astranger to the consideration connot sue on the contract .
V?. What a good consideration ?:
The rules or the necessary factors for consideration can be summed up as follows : 1. There must be desire of the promisor , 2. it must be real ,3. reasonable , 4. not illegal , immoral or opposed to public policy , 5. present , past , future , and 6. from the promisee or any person .
3.INTENTION TO CREATION LEGAL RELATIONSHIP:
The must be in intention that the agreemint shall result in or create legal relations . An agreements to dine at a friend’s house is not an agreemement intended to create legal relations and is not a contrcat. but an agreement to buy and sell goods or an agreement to marry are agreements intended to create some legal relationship and therefore contracts , provided the other essential elemints are present .
Acontract , however, is defined as an agreement enforceable by law . An agreement which does not create any legal obligation will not be enforced by law . Hence such an agreement is not a contract . X offers to play cards with Y for pleasure and Y accepts . IN later on X refuse to do so, Y cannot go to the courts for enforceing the promise . Hence , such an offer does not create a contract . The courts of law are not concerned with enforcing social obligations .
Examples:
D, agrees to go to a cinmema with B. This is not a contract enforceable by law because going to a conema a legal matter
R company made an agreement withe G company where by they were made agents of the latter . One clause in the agreement was al follows : This arrengement is not entered into as a formal of legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts . Held there was no intention to create any legal relation , hence there was no contract . Rose and Frank co V Croptor Bros Ltd.
4. capacity of parties:
The parties to an agreement must e legally capaable of entering into an agreement , otherwise it cannot be enforce. I by a court of law . Want of copacity arises from minority , lunacy , idiocy , drunkenness, and similar other such disability , the agreement is mot enforceable by law , exvept in some special cases .
MINORITY
Who is a minor :
According to the Indian Majority Act, 1875, minor is one who has not completed his or her 18th year of age . So person becomes a major after the completion of 18th year of life . To this rule there are two exccptions – 1. when a guardin of the minors person or property is appointed by a court of law and 2. when a minors property is taken over by the Court of Wards for management . In either cases minority continues up to the completions of the 21st year .
5. FREE CONSENT:
In oder to be enforceable , an agreement must be based on the free consent of all the parties , There is absence of genuine consent if the agreement is induced by coercion , undue influnce , mistake , misrepresentation , and fraud . A person guilty of coercion, undue influence etc, connot enforce the agreement . The other party con enforce it , subject to rules laid down in the Act .
Section 13:
Two or more persos are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense
Consent invovlves a union of the wills and an accord in the minds of the parties . When they have consensus as item . For a valid contract the parties must be ad idem .
Section 14:
This section lays down that consent is not free if it is caused by 1 coercion ,2undue influnce , 3 fruad 4 misrepresentation or 5 mistake
6. LEGALITY OF THE OBJECT:
The object for which the agreement has been entered into must mot be illegal, of immoral of opposed to public .
7.CERTAINTY:
The agreement must mot be vague . It must be possible to ascertain the meaning of the agreement , for otherwise it cannot be enforced .
8. POSSIBLILITY OF PERFORMANCE :
The agreement must be capable of being performance . A promise to do an impossible thing cannot be enforced .
9.VOID AGREEMENT :
An agreement ao made must not have been expressly declared to be void , Under india contract Act there five categories of agreements which are expressly declared to be void .
10. WRITING , REGISTRATION AND LEGAL FORMALITIES:
An oral contract is a perfectly good contract , except in those cases where writing and or registration is required by some statute . In india writiog is required in cases of lease , gigt , sale and mortgage of immovble property : negotiable instruments , memorandum and articles of assocition of a company etc.
Types of Contracts in Business Law[2] :
Typewritten Contracts:
Formally agreed. Contracts can be a intermixture of shorthand and verbal agreements when the typewritten agreement does not comprise some damage.
If a codified engage does not seem to be gross, verbal undertakings and handle instrument be advised.
If a written contract does not appear to be complete, verbal undertakings and conduct will be considered.
It is a rule of law that when a contract has been put in writing, and it appears to be complete, it will be accepted against a contradictory verbal agreement.
In business arrangements, it is usually preferable to have a full written contract in order to avoid all the pitfalls of:
- Proving a contract existed
- Proving it to be a complete or incomplete document
- Proving verbal undertakings
VERBAL Contracts:
Verbal agreements are mostly fitting as tight as engrossed agreements Verbal agreements may be knotty to shew, ambitious to remember incisively, and open to misunderstanding. In breakdown a contest on this income, the conduct and statements made by each set activity up to the assure low object testament be the blistering yield.
MISTURE Contracts:
Quite oftentimes contracts are a intermixture of verbal and scrivened agreem Contracts can be a collection of backhand and verbal agreements when the backhand compatibility does not take umpteen position.
Express Contracts:
Acquire get is one which is uttered in line verbal or backhand. When specified a diminish is cast , there is no sweat in knowing the rights and obligations of the parties.
In this type of lessen, the parties to the lessen refer the position and conditions either by show of representative or in oeuvre, at the time of forming the contract. A explicit handwritten or viva offering of the get is standard by an offeree in a way that explicitly defines legal consent to the position of the hire.
Implied Contracts:
The shape of an tacit promise is to be appreciated from the acts, the care of the parties and or the row of handling between them.
Contracts implicit in fact and contracts understood in law are both a share of silent contracts. But a proper implicit decrease consists of predestined obligations that happen from a mutual concord and intention of expectation, which is not uttered verbally. An silent fall cannot be labelled as implicit in law because much a change lacks the requirements of a faithful bidding. The quantity “Quasi Employ”, is notwithstanding, a more peculiar identification of contracts tacit in law. Understood contracts depend on the justification behindhand their cosmos. Thus, for an silent bridge to produce, there moldiness be whatever dealings, act or transmit of a lot in rule for them to be legally bound between the two parties, the regime module not conclude any contractual relationship between the two parties. If the parties sustain to locomote their contractual terms, regularize after the bid has ceased to live, an assumption arises that the two parties hold mutually agreed to a new fall that has one nutrient as the old bid and a new understood fall is baculiform.
Quasi contracts:
There are reliable interchange which are not contracts strictly, though the parties act as if there is a sicken. The diminish act specifies the different which originate within what is called Quasi lessen.
Executed Contracts:
There are contracts where the parties fulfil their obligations forthwith , that is as shortly as the bid is botuliform .
An executed contract is termed as an preparation in which no new transaction is tract out to be executed by either organisation. This definition could be erroneous to a definite extent, since manoeuvre of operate will ignoble that the assure has ended. But in slip of executed contracts, there exists few act/transaction or an obligation that has to be performed at any peak of reading in the prox according to the contractual cost.
Bilateral and Lineal Contracts:
There staleness be at smallest two parties to the hire. Therefore all contracts are Symmetric or multilateral.
In definite contracts one party has to fit his obligations whereas the added organization has already performed his obligations. Specified a hire is called Direct bridge.
Contracts may be symmetric or lineal. A bipartite promise is the soft of contract that most fill cerebrate of when they anticipate “promise” and indeed represents the vast number of contracts. It is an compatibility in which apiece of the parties to the promise makes a outlook or set of promises to the otherwise company or parties. For admonition, in a fall for the merchandising of a bag, the emptor promises to pay the merchant $200,000 in commute for the vender’s prospect to verbalise appellative to the conception.
In a unilateral undertake, exclusive one organisation to the sicken makes a hope. A representative example is the reinforcement bid: A promises to pay a move to B if B finds A’s dog. B is not low an obligation to hit A’s dog, but A is low an obligation to pay the reward to B if B does conclude the dog. The thoughtfulness for the take here is B’s reliance on A’s declare or B giving up his valid honorable to do whatever he craved at the quantify he was busy in the judgement of the dog.
In this information, the judgement of the dog is a procedure representative to A’s obligation to pay, though it is not a sanctioned stipulation jurisprudence, because technically no diminish here has arisen until the dog is launch (because B has not standard A’s provide until he finds the dog, and a fall requires give, approving, and benignity), and the point “healthiness illustration” is utilized in undertake law to appoint a status of a hope in a bridge. For lesson, if B promised to perceive A’s dog, and A promised to pay B when the dog was pioneer, A’s expectation would hold a assumption intended to it, and supply and approval already screw occurred. This is a place in which a process instance is bespoken to a isobilateral hire.
Statement precedents can also be affianced to lineal contracts, nonetheless. This would say A to tell a promote stipulation to be met before he pays B for discovery his dog. So, for illustration, A could say “If anyone finds my dog, and the sky water plumage, I gift cogitate that being $100.” In this place, yet if the dog is institute by B, he would not be entitled to the $100 until the sky water pile. Therefore the sky dropping pile is a state jurisprudence to A’s responsibility being actual, plane tho’ they are already in a decrease, since A has prefabricated an worship and B has accepted.
An give [disambiguation requisite] of a unilateral promise may often be prefab to umteen group (or ‘to the domain’) by substance of an publicity. (The pervasive ascendence is that advertisements are not offers.) In the situation where the lineal supply is prefab to umpteen people, draft instrument exclusive become on completed execution of the status [disambiguation needful] (in remaining words, by completing the performance that the benefactor seeks, which is what the promotion requests from the offerees – to actually reach the dog). If the process is something that only one party can perform, both the helper and offeree are preserved – the helper is preserved because he gift to pay her.
In lineal contracts, the obligation that permissiveness be communicated to the helper is waived unless otherwise expressed in the offering. The offeree accepts by performing the premiss, and the offeree’s action is also burned as the price, or kindness, for the benefactor’s hope. The offeror is belligerent of the proffer; it is he who decides whether the assure leave be lineal or symmetrical. In direct contracts, the engage is prefabricated to the overt at sizable.
A joint change is one in which there are duties on both sides, rights on both sides, and considerateness on both sides. If an helper makes an worship specified as “If you declare to space my asylum, I module use you $100,” this is a isobilateral decrease once the offeree accepts. Apiece select has promised to do something, and each pull instrument get something in travel for what they score finished.
Aleatory Contracts :
A shared concordance which comes into issue only in case of an event of an undetermined event or a unaffected misfortune, is termed as an aleatory sicken. In this write of contracts, both the parties may act risks. For model, a shoot protection policy or a movement insurance is a identify of aleatory diminish as the insurance bearer give not recognize any benefits of the undertake unless in an circumstance of flack event or a plane intrude (in individual of jaunt shelter).
Unconscionable Contracts:
Unconscionable contracts are those that are unsporting and unduly one-way favors of the lot who defense at a premium end of the bargaining cause. The speech ‘unconscientious’ substance an injure to magistrate and decency. No mentally levelheaded and honourable individual would ever brook an unconscientious bid and enter into it. Unconscionability of the diminish is driven by analyzing the situations and circumstances of the parties committed in the sicken, when the bid was prefab. This philosophy is practical only in cases, in which it would be wrongful or an offense to the integrity of the law method to compel a lessen same that.
AdhesionContracts:
Adhesion contracts are the ones that are drafted by a party who has a larger advantage in bargaining. This means that the party who has a bargaining advantage leaves the other party with no other option than to either accept the contract or to reject it. Commonly known as “take-it or leave-it” contracts, they are often considered because for most of the businesses, it is difficult to negotiate and bargain all the terms and conditions of every contract. It is not necessary that all adhesion contracts are unconscionable contracts, since in some cases it is quite coincident for one party to have a superior bargaining advantage leaving no option for the other party. This often happens in monopolistic markets. However, courts of law refuse to implement such contracts of adhesion on the grounds that there was no mutual understanding or an acceptance between the two parties involved in an adhesive contract.
VoidandVoidableContracts:
A void contract implies that the involved parties are not liable to any legal obligations or rights, meaning that the parties are not legally bound with reference to that contract. In fact, a void contract means a contract has ceased to exist and that there is no contract existing between the two parties.
A void able contract, on the other hand, is an agreement between any two or more parties that has a legal binding. A void able contract can be treated as never been legally bound on a party that has been a victim of fraudulent execution or if that party was suffering from any legal disability. Also, a contract is not void unless and until any of the involved parties, choose to treat it as a void contract by confronting its implementation. You may also like to read on:
So with these legal information on the types of contracts, I sign off by wishing you all the very best for your business ventures.
Summary of important issues for contract[3] :
Written contracts:
- If the contract has been formally written and signed by the parties, there is an assumption that all the terms of the agreement are contained in the written document regardless of what may have been verbally agreed.
- Contracts can be a combination of written and verbal agreements when the written agreement itself covers very few terms.
- When a contract is signed, it is assumed that all the terms have been read and agreed to.
- If unsigned, a written contract must:
- Be presented to and understood by all parties to be valid
- Be recognised by all parties as a contract, that is, it must look like a contract and not simply a receipt or docket.
Verbal agreements:
- Verbal agreements rely on the good faith of all the parties and can be difficult to prove.
- Conversely, in some situations, insisting on a detailed written agreement may be counter-productive if:
- The value of the transaction is not particularly high
- The presentation of a substantial document, possibly with many provisions, may raise more questions and uncertainty in the minds of the parties than it resolves, ending in the transaction not proceeding. If you are confident of the good faith of the party, a less intimidating form of written arrangement may be the best course of action.
- Do not automatically think that because it is not in writing, it can never be proved. Verbal agreements can be supported by:
- The conduct of the other party both before and after the agreement
- Specific actions of the other party
- Past dealings with the other party.
Conclusion of the Contract[4]:
The contract shall be regarded as concluded, if an agreement has been achieved between the parties on all its essential terms, in the form proper for the similar kind of contracts. As essential shall be recognized the terms, dealing with the object of the contract, the terms, defined as essential or indispensable for the given kind of contracts in the law or in the other legal acts, and also all the terms, about which, by the statement of one of the parties, an accord shall be reached.
The bridge shall be terminated by way of advancement the bid (the proposition to cerebrate the contract) by one of the parties and of its acceptation (the sufferance of the proffer) by the opposite band.
The contract shall be recognized as concluded at the moment, when the person, who has forwarded the offer, has obtained its acceptance.
If in conformity with the law, the transfer of the property is also required for the conclusion of the contract, it shall be regarded as concluded from the moment of the transfer of the corresponding property.
The contract may be concluded in any structure, stipulated for making the deals, unless the law stipulates a definite variant for the given benign of contracts. If the parties tally agreed to think the contract in a definite appearance, it shall be regarded as ended after the agreed spring has been rendered to it, justified if the law does not say specified work for the donated openhearted of contracts.
The bidding in typewritten descriptor shall be terminated by aggregation one credit, subscribed by the parties, and also by way of exchanging the documents by collection, apparatus, teletype, ring, by the electronic or any another typewrite of the way of connectedness, which makes it researchable to establish for confident that the credit comes from the receiver by the bidding.
The shorthand spatiality of the lessen shall be regarded as observed, if the scripted render to finish the bridge has been conventional in agreement with the impose, stipulated by Fact 3, Article 438 of the state Cypher.
In the cases, when in conformity with the present Code or with the other laws, the conclusion of the contract is obligatory for the party, to which the offer (the draft contract) has been forwarded, this party shall forward to the other party the notification about the acceptance, or about the refusal of the acceptance, or about the acceptance of the offer on different terms (the records on the differences by the draft contract) within 30 days from the date, when the offer was received. The party, which has forwarded the offer and which has received from the party, for which the conclusion of the contract is obligatory, the notification about its acceptance on different terms (the records on the differences by the draft contract), shall have the right to pass the differences, which have arisen during the conclusion of the contract, for consideration to the court within 30 days from the day of receiving such a notification or from the day of the expiry of the term of acceptance . when in conformity with the present Code or with the other legal acts, the conclusion of the contract is obligatory for the party .
So at last we can say that The contract shall be concluded by way of forwarding the offer (the proposal to conclude the contract) by one of the parties and of its acceptance (the acceptance of the offer) by the other party.
[1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract,http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/C_0344.HT, http://definitions.uslegal.com/m/minimum-contacts/
[2] http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-contracts.html
[3]http://www.innovation.gov.au/SMALLBUSINESS/WORKINGWITHCONTRACTS/Pages/ContractTypes.aspx
[4] http://www.russian-civil-code.com/PartI/SectionIII/Subsection2/Chapter28.html