CHAPTER
01
1. INTRODUCTION
The North American Free Trade
Agreement or NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of the United
States, Canada, and Mexico creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994 signed by Democratic President
Bill Clinton. It superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
between the U.S. and Canada. In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP
of its members, as of 2007 the trade block is the largest in the world and
second largest by nominal GDP comparison.
The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) has two supplements, the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor
Cooperation (NAALC).
(www.nafta previev.org, 2010)
Flag of NAFTA
1.1:
HOW NAFTA STARTED ITS FUNCTION
In 1988 Canada and the United
States signed the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement after the US
Congress approved implementing legislation. The American government then
entered into negotiations with the Mexican government for a similar treaty, and
Canada asked to join the negotiations in order to preserve its perceived gains
under the 1988 deal. The international climate at the time favoured expanding
trade blocs, and the Maastricht Treaty which created the European Union was
signed in 1992. The central thrust of the agreement is to eliminate the vast
majority of tariffs on products traded among the United States, Mexico, and
Canada. The terms of the agreement called for these tariffs to be phased out
gradually, and the final aspects of the deal weren’t fully implemented until
January 1, 2008. The deal swept away export tariffs in several industries:
agriculture has been a major focus, but tariffs have also been reduced on items
like textiles and automobiles. NAFTA also implemented intellectual-property
protections, established dispute-resolution mechanisms, and put into place
regional labor and environmental safeguards, though some critics now lobby for
stronger measures on this front.
(www.nafta.org, 2010)
1.2:
OBJECTIVES of FORMATION
(www.nafta.org, 2010)
CHAPTER
02
GENERAL
ECONOMIC STATUS OF NAFTA IN RELATION TO BANGLADESH
Trade relations
among Canada, Mexico, and the United States have broadened substantially since
NAFTA’s implementation, though experts disagree over the extent to which this
expansion is a direct result of the deal. According to data from the office of
the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), the United States’ chief negotiator in
foreign trade and a major booster of NAFTA and other free trade accords, the
overall value of intra-North American trade has more than tripled (PDF) since
the agreement’s inception. The USTR adds that regional business investment in
the United States rose 117 percent between 1993 and 2007, as compared to a 45
percent rise in the fourteen years prior. Trade with NAFTA partners now
accounts for more than 80 percent of Canadian and Mexican trade, and more than
a third of U.S. trade. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement
all US-Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some US agricultural
exports to Mexico that were to be phased out in 15 years. Most US-Canada trade
was already duty free. NAFTA also seeks to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers
and publisher. The general economic conditions of
NAFTA countries are shown bellow with elaborate discussion:
(Www.Lesson
from NAFTA.org, 2010)
2.1: ECONOMIC STATUS OF USA
The US has the largest and most technologically powerful
economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $48,000. In this market-oriented
economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and
the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly
in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than
their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital
plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same
time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals’ home markets than
foreign firms face entering US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront
in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace,
and military equipment. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development
of a “two-tier labor market” in which those at the bottom lack the
education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more
and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and
other benefits. Imported oil accounts for about two-thirds of US consumption.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure,
rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade
and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic
groups. The merchandise trade deficit reached a record $847 billion in 2007,
but declined to $810 billion in 2008, as a depreciating exchange rate for the
dollar against most major currencies discouraged US imports and made US exports
more competitive abroad. The global economic downturn, the sub-prime mortgage
crisis, investment bank failures, falling home prices, and tight credit pushed
the United States into a recession by mid-2008. To help stabilize financial
markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief
Program (TARP) in October 2008. The general economic
conditions of USA are shown bellow with a chart:
USA
(Www. USA economic overview.com)
2.2: ECONOMIC STATUS OF CANADA
Canada has considerable natural resources spread
across its varied regions. In British Columbia,
the forestry industry is of great importance, while the oil industry is
important in Alberta
and Newfoundland and Labrador. Northern Ontario
is home to a wide array of mines, while the fishing
industry has long been central to the character of the Atlantic Provinces, though it has recently
been in steep decline. Canada has mineral resources of coal, copper, iron ore,
and gold.
These industries are increasingly becoming less
important to the overall economy. Only some 4% of Canadians are employed in
these fields, and they account for less than 6% of GDP. They are still
paramount in many parts of the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern
Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or
source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural
resources such as gold, nickel, uranium,
diamonds
and lead.
Several of Canada’s largest companies are based in natural resource industries,
such as EnCana, Cameco,
Goldcorp,
and Barrick Gold.
The vast majority of these products are exported, mainly to the United States.
There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked
to primary ones. For instance one of Canada’s largest manufacturing industries
is the pulp and paper sector, which is directly linked
to the logging industry. The relatively large reliance on natural resources has
several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society. While
manufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize, natural resources
vary greatly by region. This ensures that differing economic structures
developed in each region of Canada, contributing to Canada’s strong regionalism.
The exploitation of renewable resources has raised concerns in recent years.
After decades of escalating overexploitation
the cod fishery
all but collapsed in the 1990s, and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered
greatly. The logging industry, after many years of activism, has in recent
years moved to a more sustainable model. (Www.Trade and Environment 2009)
CANADA
(Www. CANADIAN economic overview.com)
2.3: ECONOMIC STATUS OF MEXICO
The economy
of Mexico
is the 11th largest in the world. Since the 1994 crisis, administrations have improved
the country’s macroeconomic fundamentals. Mexico was not significantly
influenced by the recent 2002 South American crisis,
and has maintained positive, although low, rates of growth after a brief period
of stagnation in 2001. Moody’s (in March 2000) and Fitch IBCA
(in January 2002) issued investment-grade ratings for Mexico’s sovereign debt.
In spite of its unprecedented macroeconomic stability, which has reduced
inflation and interest rates to record lows and has increased per capita
income, enormous gaps remain between the urban and the rural population, the
northern and southern states, and the rich and the poor.[5]
Some of the government’s challenges include the upgrade of infrastructure, the
modernization of the tax system and labor laws, and the reduction of income
inequality. The economy contains rapidly developing modern industrial and
service sectors, with increasing private ownership. Recent administrations have
expanded competition in ports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas
distribution and airports, with the aim of upgrading infrastructure. As an
export-oriented economy, more than 90% of Mexican trade is under free trade agreements (FTAs) with more
than 40 countries, including the European Union, Japan, Israel, and much of Central
and South America. The most influential FTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), which came into effect in 1994, and was signed in 1992 by the
governments of the United States, Canada and Mexico. In 2006, trade with
Mexico’s two northern partners accounted for almost 90% of its exports and 55%
of its imports.[6]
Recently, the Congress of the Union approved important tax,
pension and judicial reforms, and reform to the oil industry is currently being
debated. According to the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world’s largest
companies in 2008, Mexico had 16 companies in the list. (Www. Nafta.org)
MEXICO
(Www. MEXICAN economic overview.com)
2.4:
NAFTA COUNTRIES CAN BE A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR BANGLADESH
The term “Scarcity of Resources”
is perhaps the major reason why international trade takes place. No nation has
every raw resources; no nation can produce everything it needs. Some nation has
an absolute advantage and some has a comparative advantage. Different countries
are doing international trade with various organizations to other nation in
order to purchase other products so that it may not have the ability to
produce.
Like other countries, Bangladesh
participates in international trade between different countries and
organization such as NAFTA. The second largest buyer of Bangladeshi goods is
the member countries of NAFTA. On the other hand Bangladesh’s second highest
importing community is also NAFTA. So NAFTA countries can be a potential market
for Bangladesh. Some elements are very much important for international trade.
These are tariffs, taxes, quota fees and duties in getting products. (Www. Economic overview of
NAFTA.org)
The North American Free Trade
Agreement means reduced tariffs, taxes, fees and duties in getting products. So
it can be a great opportunities for Bangladesh because this organization gives
quota facilities for developing countries like Bangladesh. More over the
organization (NAFTA) does not impose tariffs as much as developed countries for
developing countries.
Though the balance of trade is so
much important for any country, till both second largest export and import
market is NAFTA countries. We have comparative advantages. From the export and
import data, we have notices that our main export items are the only textile
and (RMG) readymade garments goods to NAFTA countries. We have no other
remarkable items to export. We have a comparative advantages and quota
facilities. As a result suddenly there was boom in the export market from the
fiscal year 2004-05 and now there is a decline. These two sectors (RMG and
Textile) are not capable of protecting. The markets we will have to mixture
with it’s owe production efficiency. We export fish, leather, goods shoe and
also it has huge demand in the market especially NAFTA countries. But we export
these are very little in the amount. This means that we are not efficient in
other sectors. This also means that proper industrialization have not taken
place yet. So we have to concentrate on industrialization and production
specialization.
Finally it can be said that NAFTA
is a potential market of our commodities. But it is not good enough. We should
diversify our production efficiency. If we so it than we will export more
various goods then it will be highly potential market for Bangladesh.
(Www. NAFTA.org)
CHAPTER
03
EXPORT TO NAFTA COUNTRIES FROM BANGLADESH
Bangladesh export goods in many
countries and organizations. Among them, the member countries of NAFTA are the
second largest buyer of Bangladeshi goods. Bangladesh earns Tk. 24584.5 core
during 08-09 and Tk. 21836.6 core during 2008.
(Annual export receipts 2009
Dept. of statistics, Bangladesh Bank.)
3.1:
EXPORTS TO USA FROM BANGLADESH
Bangladesh exports a great deal
of goods in USA, especially textile and readymade garments. Textile goods have
a great demand in USA. During 08-09 in total export 24.5% is exported to USA.
Now we are going to analyze the export condition of Bangladesh to USA by using
a graph.
EXPORT RECEIPTS. Table: 3.1 EXPORT RECEIPTS. Table: 3.2
(Taka in
Millions) (ANNUAL
EXPORT PAYMENT 2009| 380)
ANALYSIS:
Putting the years in the horizontal axis and
amounts in the vertical axis, we can see that, Bangladesh was in a good
position in the years 2004-05 to 2008-09 & its growth rate was 11%.But the
curve is also showing that in the years 01-02 Bangladesh was in a bad position
even its export begin to decrease. The export decreases & the growth rate
turn into 0.61%. In the years 04-05 the position of Bangladesh was improved.
Again the export begins to increase and the growth rate comes from 29% to 32%.
But in the later years 06-07 the growth rate decreases dramatically. The growth
rate turns into 27%. In the years 07-08 the growth rate becomes negative &
turns into -2.86%.But its position is improving day by day. In the recent years
08-09 the growth rate increased into 12.30%. As Bangladesh is recovering from
its poor position, Govt. should take proper steps & try to upgrade its
position.
(ANNUAL
EXPORT PAYMENT 2009)
3.2:
EXPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 10 EXPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM BANGLADESH TO USA
Bangladesh earns a great deal of
money from USA by exporting not only readymade garments but also other items
such as raw jute, prawn, handicrafts etc. A great exported item to USA from
Bangladesh during the year 2004-05 to 2008-09 is shown below:
Table
3.1: IMORT COMMODITIES (Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL EXPORT PAYMENT 2009|
380to 396)
ANALYSIS:
After analyzing the data of
exported items to USA we can notify that, Textiles & textile articles are
on the 1st position. In the years 05-06 it occupies 90% of the total
export. Day by day it’s increasing. In the years 06-07 it was increased into
91.35%.In the years 07-08 textile & textile articles occupies 92.7% of the
total export. In the years it turns into 94.4%.The table is also showing that,
in the years 05-06 live animals occupies 7.42% of the total export. But in the
later years it begins to decrease. In the tears 06-07 it was 12.51%. In the
years 07-08 it turns down into 10.05%. Even in the recent years, it is 3.9%.
So, finally we can say that, necessary steps should be taken to improve the
position of the live animals & other related items.
(ANNUAL EXPORT PAYMENT 2009| 380
to 396)
3.3:
EXPORT TO CANADA FROM BANGLADESH
Like USA, Bangladesh also has
good market of textile and readymade goods in CANADA. During the year 2008-09
Bangladesh exported 3.5% of its total export to CANADA. The export condition of
Bangladesh in CANADA is given bellow by using a graph:-
EXPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 3.4. Table: 3.5 EXPORT RECEIPTS.
(Taka in Millions) (ANNUAL
EXPORT PAYMENT 2009|148)
ANALYSIS:
By putting the years in the horizontal axis
& amounts in the vertical axis we can see from the graph that, in the years
04-05 Bangladesh’s position was not good & its growth rate was 34%. In the
years 05-06 its position becomes more declining. The growth rate turns into
24%. In 06-07 its growth rate was 17%. In 07-08 its position becomes worst
& growth rate decreased into 9%. But in 08-09 begins to increase. In the
following years the growth rate was 28%. The graph is showing that, Bangladesh
has good possibilities in case of exporting items to Canada. So, Bangladesh
should consider the Canadian market as a great opportunity to improve its
export status.
3.4:
EXPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 8 EXPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM BANGLADESH TO CANADA
In
CANADA, Bangladesh has a huge market of readymade garments. During the years
2005-06 to 2007-08 the position of Bangladesh in CANADA is shown bellow by
using a graph:-
Table3.6: EXPORT
COMMODITIES
(Taka
in Millions)
(ANNUAL EXPORT PAYMENT 2009| 147 to 180)
ANALYSIS:
After
observing the data of exported items of Bangladesh to Canada we can say that, as
like as in USA textile articles occupies the 1st position in Canada
also. In the years 05-06 textile occupies 91.7% of the total export. In 06-07
it increased into 92.3%. In the later years its position becomes better. In
07-08 it turns into 92.6%. In the years 08-09 it becomes 94% .It means its
position is improving day by day. The graph is also showing that, the export of
live animals & pulp of wood are also decreasing dramatically. In the years
05-06 live animals occupy 10.2% of the total export which turned into 2.9% in
the years 08-09. On the other hand, in the years 08-09 pulp of wood occupies
only 0.1% of the total export. So, it seems that position of both live animals
& pulp of wood is worsening day by day. The final assumption is that, Bangladesh
Govt. should try to improve its position.
3.5:
EXPORT TO MAXICO FROM BANGLADESH
One
of most important buyer of Bangladeshi goods is the NAFTA member country
MAXICO. The top exported goods to MACXICO are readymade garments. We will now
analyze the export status of Bangladesh in MAXICO from year 2004-05 to 2008-09,
by using a graph:-
Table: 3.7: EXPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 3.8: EXPORT RECEIPTS.
(Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL
EXPORT PAYMENT 2009|260)
ANALYSIS:
By
putting the years in the horizontal axis & amounts in the vertical axis we
can see from the graph that, the export relation between Bangladesh and MEXICO
is not so much remarkable. But in the later years its position improved
dramatically and the growth rate reaches a high peak. As the graph is showing
that in 04-05 export to Mexico was 1.01 million and the growth rate was 18%. In
the years 05-06 its growth rate was 62.3%. Then it begins to decline but only
very slightly. In 06-07 its growth rate was 52% & in 07-08 it was 42%. But
the graph is also showing that the growth of Mexico is improving incredibly. As
in the graph, in 08-09 its growth rate turns into 45%. It means the export
position of Bangladesh in Mexico is improving. So, Bangladesh should give more
importance on export to MEXICO to get new opportunities and to make its
position better in MEXICO.
3.6:
EXPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 9 EXPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM BANGLADESH TO MAXICO
Along
with USA and CANADA, Bangladesh also exports various items to MAXICO. The graph
of exported commodities of Bangladesh to MAXICO during 2006-07 to 2007-08 is
given bellow:-
Table:
EXPORT COMMODITIES (Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL
EXPORT PAYMENT 2009|260 to 396)
ANALYSIS:
The
data of exported items to MEXICO is showing that, Bangladesh exports a very
little amount of items to MEXICO. Like USA & Canada textile articles are on
the highest rank in MEXICO also. In the year 05-06 it occupies 76% of the total
export. Day by day it’s reaching a high peak. In 06-07 it becomes 85%. In the
years 07-08 it occupies 91% of the total export which is excellent. On the
other hand, in the year 08-09 the export of machinery increased a bit. In 07-08,
it was 0.5% & in 08-09 it turns into 0.6%.It seems that the position of
machinery items can be improved by giving proper care. So, Bangladesh should
try to hold its present rank as well as to improve the position a great bit.
CHAPTER
04
IMPORTS
FROM NAFTA COUNTRIES TO BANGLADESH
Like many countries of the world,
Bangladesh imports its necessary goods from other countries. Among those, one
of the most important organizations is NAFTA. Bangladesh has good relation with
NAFTA countries. It makes a huge amount of import with those countries. If we
look back for past 5 or 6 year, we see that Bangladesh makes the most amount of
import from EU and secondly with NAFTA. Now we are going to see the total
import from NAFTA countries.
4.1
IMPORTS FROM USA TO BANGLADESH
Bangladesh
imports a lot of commodities from USA. So, USA is one of the most important
countries for importing. Also USA is on the top position in terms of imports
from the NAFTA member countries. The worth takes 3347.8 cores (2.5%) of the
total imports payment of the year 2008-09. Now we are going to see a graph of
the import condition of Bangladesh from USA during the years 2004-05 to
2008-09.
IMPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 4.1 IMPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 4.2
(Taka in Millions) (ANNUAL
IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|495)
ANALYSIS:
We
can see from the graph of imports taken place between Bangladesh & USA that
in the year of 04-05 the import percentage had been gone up to 51.8% in
comparison with the last year. In the year 05-06 the percentage of import
increased by 14.56% in comparison with the last year. In the year of 06-07
& 07-08 the import increased by 13.56% & 27.84% respectively. But in
the year of 08-09 the import slightly decreased by 5.56%. So, we can conclude
that it’s an increasing trend of import from USA although there was slight
decrease in the year 2008-09.
4.2:
IMPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 7 IMPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM USA TO BANGLADESH
From USA Bangladesh imports 10-12
types of commodities. Now we will see a graph of the imported commodities from
USA to Bangladesh during the years 2006-07 to 2008-09.
IMPORT COMMODITIES (Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|495
to504)
ANALYSIS:
From
the graph mentioned above showing the imports of Bangladesh from CANADA during
the year 2004-05 to 2008-09 implies that there is an increasing trend of import
by Bangladesh. In the year 04-05 Bangladesh’s growth rate was 13.07%. In 05-06
it turns into 42.56%. In the later years it has reached a high peak. In 06-07
& 07-08 it was 100.94% & 130.20% respectively. It’s showing a
remarkable change in imports. But in the recent years it begins decline. In
08-09 the growth rate was 20.68%. So, Bangladesh govt. should take necessary
steps to improve its position.
4.3:
IMPORTS FROM CANADA TO BANGLADESH
The second position of NAFTA
member country is CANADA. From CANADA, Bangladesh import lots of commodities.
During year 2008-09 it worth taka 1972 core of total imports payment. Now we
are going to see the graph of the import commodities from CANADA.
IMPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 4.1 IMPORT
RECEIPTS Table: 4.2
(Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|174)
ANALYSIS:
By observing the graph mentioned
above we can see the imports of Bangladesh from CANADA. The graph is showing
both increasing & decreasing trend of imports. In the years 04-05 the
import increased by 60.21% whereas in 05-06 it decreased by 28.86%. Again in
06-07 it increased by 46.22% & in 07-08 decreased by 34.84%. But in the
year 08-09, it is increased remarkably by 433.66% from the years 07-08. So, our
final assumption is that although there is both increase & decrease in
imports from CANADA if Bangladesh govt. gives care Bangladesh can prosper in
this field.
4.4:
IMPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 7 IMPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM CANADA TO BANGLADESH
Along with USA, Bangladesh
imports around 5 types of major items from CANADA. Now we will see a graph of
the imported commodities from CANADA.
Table
4.4: IMPORT COMMODITIES
(Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|174
to180)
ANALYSIS:
Through observing the percentages
of different years we can see the imports. In the year of 05-06 because of the
vegetable products imported 45.60% of the total imports the total import were
increased. In the year of 06-07 Bangladesh imported the same vegetable products
which was 73.93% increased the import of Bangladesh from MEXICO. Again in the
year of 07-08 the total impost from Mexico were increased because of the
vegetable products which were 33.27%. In the year of 08-09 Bangladesh imported
vegetable products 70.29% of the total imports which increased the imports from
MEXICO.
4.5:
IMPORTS FROM MEXICO TO BANGLADESH
Bangladesh import commodities
from MAXICO which position is third. During the year 2008-09 it’s worth taka
1008 lace of the total imports payments. Now we will see a graph of the total
import from MEXICO.
IMPORT
RECEIPTS. Table: 4.5. IMPORT RECEIPTS. Table: 4.6
(Taka in Millions) (ANNUAL IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|342)
ANALYSIS:
By
observing the percentages of imports of different years we can analyze the
import of commodities. In the year 05-06 because of the product of chemicals
imported 19.29% of the total import was increased. In the year of 06-07 because
of the textile articles imported 48.39% the total import was increased. But in
the year of 07-08 Bangladesh imports the product of chemical 58.06% of the
total import from Canada which increased the total import. Although the import
was less than the last year, in the year of 08-09 there was a remarkable change
in import which was 433.66%. Because of the product of chemical imported 81.16%
increased the total import remarkably.
4.6:
IMPORT OF MOST REMARKABLE 5 IMPORTABLE COMMODITIES FROM MEXICO TO BANGLADESH
After importing USA and CANADA,
Bangladesh also imports from another NAFTA country MEXICO. Now we will see a
graph of the imported commodities from MEXICO.
Table
4.7: IMPORT COMMODITIES
(Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL IMPORT PAYMENT 2009|
342to 346)
ANALYSIS:
After analyzing the data of
import of Bangladesh from USA we can notify that, textile articles ranks the 1st
position. In the years 05-06 it was 1.75%. In the years 06-07 it decreased a
bit & turned into 1.74%. In the later year 07-08 decreased more &
turned into1.64%. But again in 08-09 it turns into 3.60%. So, it implies that
the position is not consistent. The chart is also showing that the import of
mineral product is increasing. In the year 05-06 it was 0.45%.In 06-07 it becomes
0.65%. In the later years it increased remarkably. In 07-08 it turns into 1.21%
& in 08-09 it eventually results in 1.50%. The chart is implying that,
Bangladesh has a great future in thus field. So, Bangladesh govt. should take
necessary steps to upgrade its present position.
CHAPTER
05
THE
BALANCE OF TRADE
Balance of Trade is the difference
between the amount a country exports and the amount is imports. A nation that
export more than imports has a trade surplus, one that imports more than is
exports has a trade deficit.
Here we will discuss the Balance
of Trade condition among Bangladesh and NAFTA member countries. Here we see the
table of previous 5 years balance of trade and analysis of them.
Table
5.1: BALANCE OF TRADE
(Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL EXPORT and IMPORT PAYMENT
2007-08 Published by Statistic Department of Bangladesh)
BALANCE OF
TRADE (Taka in Millions)
RADE (Taka in Millions)
(ANNUAL EXPORT and IMPORT PAYMENT
2008-09 Published by Statistic Department of Bangladesh)
ANALYSIS:
From the about analysis we can see
that U.S.A in the top market of Bangladesh products among NAFTA regional
country. On the other hand CANADA and MAXICO creating a new market for us. Here
Bangladesh has trade surplus with NAFTA regional countries
CHAPTER
O6
COMPETITIVE
POSITION OF BANGLADESH IN NAFTA AS COMPARED TO OTHER EXPORTERS
Although Bangladesh exports a
remarkable portion of commodities to the NAFTA countries, there are many
competitors that Bangladesh has to face in exporting these goods. Bangladesh
has a much potential to export to the NAFTA countries. By observing the amounts
of exports of last five years we can see that the percentage of export is
increasing year by year.
According to Issac (2005),
overall, NAFTA has not caused trade diversion, aside from a few industries such
as textiles and apparel, in which rules of origin negotiated in the agreement
were specifically designed to make U.S. firms prefer Mexican manufacturers. The
World Bank also showed that the combined percentage growth of NAFTA imports was
accompanied by an almost similar increase of non-NAFTA exports. As a non-NAFTA
exporter, BANGLADESH exports a large number of commodities.
(Www. Trade and Environment in the
Americas” Cec.org. 2008)
Beside Bangladesh, many countries
also export different kinds of commodities in NAFTA countries. So Bangladesh
has to compete with them for exporting various commodities. Since the
implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) began on
January 1, 1994, Bangladesh holds a good competitive position. From the export
analysis, the competitive position of Bangladesh as compared to other major
exporters is given bellow: (Www.nafta.com 2009)
6.1: COMPETITIVE POSITION OF
BANGLADESH IN USA
Bangladesh exports to USA highly in
comparison with the other countries of NAFTA. It is an increasing trend of
export to USA although it decreased slightly by 2.86% in the year of 2008-09.
The export was increased to 20.36 showing the highest amount. Bangladesh
exports many products to USA but Textile and Textile articles are in the
highest position in every year. The major products exported to USA are: (http://www.fina-nafi.org 2009)
Many countries export to USA but
as the major exporters the following name are mentionable. They are:
(Www.nafta
exporter.com 2009)
The total amount of export to USA
by other countries of the world is 15580 million of which CHINA exports 15.4%,
CANADA 11.6%, MEXICO 9.1%, JAPAN 4.9%, and JERMANY 3.7% in the year of 2009.
Competitive position of
Bangladesh in US market can be compared by looking the balance of trade of the
competitive exporters. The balance of trade is the difference between the
monetary value of exports and imports in an economy over a certain period of
time. A positive balance of trade is known as a trade surplus and consists of
exporting more than is imported; a negative balance of trade is known as a
trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The Balance of Trade is identical to
the difference between a country’s output and its domestic demand – the difference between what goods a country
produces and how many goods it buys from abroad; this does not include money
repents on foreign stocks, nor does it factor the concept of importing goods to
produce for the domestic market (source: Wikipedia 2010).
6.2: COMPETITIVE POSITION OF
BANGLADESH IN CANADA
Bangladesh
exports to CANADA which possesses the second position in terms of export among
NAFTA countries. Similar to the USA there is an increasing trend in export as
well. Bangladesh exports the high amount of the 33.70 million in the year of 2008-09.
Bangladesh exports many products to CANADA but Textile and Textile articles in
a highest amount every year. The major products exported to CANADA are given
below:
(Www.
TradingEconomics.com 2009)
Many
countries export to CANADA but the few major exporters to the CANADA are
mentioned bellow:
(Www.nafta
exporter.com 2009)
Total amount of export to CANADA
by the other countries of the world is 394.4 billion of which USA exported
54.1% in the year of 2008-09.
Competitive position of
Bangladesh in CANADIAN market can be compared by looking the balance of trade
of the competitive exporters. As we mention earlier that the major competitor
of Bangladesh in CANADIAN market are USA, CHINA and MEXICO.
(Www. TradingEconomics.com)
2.3: COMPETITIVE POSITION OF
BANGLADESH IN MEXICO
Bangladesh exports to another
NAFTA country which possesses the last position in terms of exports in
comparison with the other two major exporters USA & MEXICO. But, although
it possesses last position in the amount of export is increasing day by day.
The export stuck the highest amount of Tk. 5.19 million in the year on 2008-09.
Although Bangladesh exports to MEXICO in less quantity, it exports various
types of products every year. But the Textiles and Textile articles has ranked
the 1st position in comparison with the other products. The major
products exported to MEXICO are given bellow:
(Www. World economic growth.com 2009)
Many countries export to MEXICO
but the few major exporters to the MEXICO are mentioned bellow:
(Www.nafta exporter.com)
(Www.nafta exporter.com 2009)
The total amount of export to
MEXICO is 309 million of which USA exports 55.5%, BRAJIL 31.4%, CHILE 9.3%,
SOUTH KOREA 5.4% and JAPAN 4.1% in the year of 2008-09.
(Www.
TradingEconomics.com 2009)
6.4: GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY THAT
AFFACT EXPORT FROM BANGLADESH TO NAFTA COUNTRIES
Bangladesh as a developing
country exports a number of remarkable goods in many countries and organization
like NAFTA. The second largest buyer of Bangladeshi goods is NAFTA countries.
Bangladesh earns to 2458.5 cores during 2008-09 and 21839.6 cores during
2007-08. (Www.department
of Statistics, Bangladesh bank. 2010)
Bangladesh export its
20 types of goods in 170 countries but among these goods 11 types o goods have
a huge demand in foreign countries. From analyzing the data of exported items
we see that most remarkable exported items are textiles and readymade garments
which have huge demand. (http://www.cec.org/programs_projects/trade_environ_econ
2009)
There are some
crucial issues which affect the export from Bangladesh. Geographical proximity
is one on them. Though many other countries in the world are exported goods to
NAFTA countries. Bangladesh competes with these countries. Due to Geographical
Proximity, Bangladesh has been getting both opportunity and threats to exports
its goods in NAFTA countries.
Bangladesh is a low
lying revering country located in SOUTH ASIA with a large marshy jungle cast
line o 710 km on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Basically
Bangladesh is virtually surrounded by INDIA and the Bay of Bengal to SOUTH
ASIA. On the other hand, NAFTA countries are located in NORTH AMERICA. It is
far from Bangladesh. Despite this Bangladesh gets some geographic facilities
such as.
TRANSPORTATION:
Though Bangladesh
exports goods in NAFTA countries but geographically Bangladesh is so far way
from NAFTA countries. Basically Bangladesh exports goods in two ways:
1)
Air Way
2)
Ricer Way ( by Ship)
It is known to all
that Bangladesh is surrounded by INDIA and Bay of Bengal to SOUTH ASIA. Bay of
Bengal and INDIA which really help us to export goods in NAFTA countries as
well other SOUTH ASIAN countries also do same like CHINA. Bangladesh exports
goods by Air way but comparatively it exports goods more in river way.
Bangladesh gets benefit from it. Because, other SOUTH ASIAN countries like
CHINA, INDIA are very nearest from NAFTA countries and transportation is also
easy. There is a good way to exports goods in NAFTA countries by INDIA Ocean.
On the other hand, CHINA is very close to NAFTA countries.
(Www. Trade and Environment in the
Americas” Cec.org. Retrieved 2008-11-09.)
Bangladesh is getting some
facilities to export goods (garments textile) from NAFTA countries. From the
export and import data (2005 to 2009) we see that main exporters of NAFTA
countries are JAPAN, JARMANY, CHINA, and INDIA. (Www. World statistics burro
2009)
Due to geographical proximity,
Bangladesh is far away from NAFTA countries. Bangladesh also exports goods
(especially garments and textile products).
Bangladesh is competing
with such countries which are the main exporters of NAFTA countries. Bangladesh
has a great opportunity to make high quality product and offer it low price.
Because the labor cost is very cheap. As a result the production of such
products is cheaper than other competitors. But there are some barriers to
export goods to NAFTA countries. There is no direct way to export goods in
NAFTA countries. On the other sides other competitors can easily export goods
to NAFTA countries. (Www.NAFTA,
Corn, and Mexico’s Agricultural Trade Liberalization 2009)
THREATS: Though Bangladesh has some positive side in case of Geographical
Proximity, on the other hand it has some negative threat for Geographical
Proximity. Those are:
·
First it is far away from NAFTA country.
·
There is no direct way to export goods in NAFTA countries.
·
The major exporters of NAFTA countries are SOUTH ASIA like CHINA.
6.5: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON
CULTURAL POINT OF VIEW TO BANGLADESH WITH NAFTA
Cultural aspect is played an
important role in case of exporting and importing goods from one country to
another. Culture varies from one country to another. Because of cultural
differences Bangladesh can’t export all of its produced Goods. Bangladesh
exports only that kind of goods which are acceptable to a particular country
and this acceptability depends on countries culture.
(Www. NAFTA, Corn, and Mexico’s
Agricultural Trade Liberalization 2009)
6.6: CULTURAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN
BANGLADESH AND NAFTA
Bangladesh
exports a lot of goods to NAFTA countries. CANADA, USA and MEXICO all three
NAFTA countries culture has historically been influenced by European culture.
NAFTA countries cultures are very much similar to each other but much differ
with Bangladeshi culture. Their culture is much developed than ours. But something
similarity we have, as a result Bangladesh export huge amount of textile
product to NAFTA countries. Their culture is very much suitable to export
textile product. Jeans, t-shirt, short shirt is very popular in their Culture
and we produced these goods with much quality also with variety. We create a
huge demand of our textile product over their market. Not only textile product but also other
products like live animals, vegetable product, and beverage also mineral
product are also export to NAFTA countries from our country. Because of their
cultural diffusion their food habit is not unique so that we export some
vegetable items there and demand for these goods is also high. NAFTA countries
cultures are mixing up with other culture because of immigration. This
immigrant came from mainly Asia and Middle East. So Asian culture is there and
now our country also exports footwear and vehicles over there. So in case of
cultural proximity between Bangladesh and NAFTA countries Bangladesh has some
advantages to export goods, also have some cultural hindrance to export other
goods. (Www.trade_environ_econ/pdfs/frmwrk-e.pdf
2009)
6.7. CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Table: Economic growth rate of
Bangladesh with its other competitor
(Www. World economic growth.com)
ANALYSIS:
Bangladesh has a good
relationship with NAFTA countries. In exporting to NAFTA regional countries of
major products (textiles, articles, foot wear, chemical products, ceramic
products, frozen food), the major competitor of Bangladesh are CHINA, JAPAN,
GERMANY, BRAZIL, KOREA and CHILI. Bangladesh exported 29.10% of total export to
NAFTA regional countries in 2007-08 and 28.50% in 2008-09 fiscal years. So it
can be said that Bangladesh export a remarkable portion to NAFTA regional
countries. The more Bangladesh export, the more it will gain rapid economic
growth. By observing the table we can see that in every fiscal year CHINA has a
great competitive position in economic growth with compare to Bangladesh. For
example in 2007-08 and 2008-09 the economic growth of Bangladesh was 6.30% and
4.90%. And the economic growths of CHINA in same fiscal’s years were 11.90% and
9.00%. On the other hand the economic growth rate of Bangladesh with comparing
to other countries without CHINA in goods. For example, in 2007-08 and 2008-09
fiscal year the economic growth rate of CHILI were 5.10% and 3.20%, the growth
rates of BRAZILE in same year were 5.40% and 5.10%. As Bangladesh export a lot
of amount of product to NAFTA regional country so it has a great impact to the
rapid growth of economic growth rate with comparing to other competitor which
countries also export the major product to USA , CANADA, and MEXICO. It can
also be seen that the growth rate decrease in 2008-09. It may be the impact of
total GDP. If we want to export more we have to increase our total GDP. Then
economic growth rate will increase automatically.
(www.cic.gc.ca
/resources/statistics)
6.8: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON LEGAL
ASPECTS OF NAFTA
Under the NAFTA, all
non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade between the United States and Mexico
were eliminated. In addition, many tariffs were eliminated immediately, with
others being phased out over periods of 5 to 15 years. This allowed for an orderly adjustment to
free trade with Mexico, with full implementation beginning January 1, 2008. According to Issac (2005), overall, NAFTA has not caused trade diversion,
aside from a few industries such as textiles
and apparel, in which rules of origin negotiated in the agreement
were specifically designed to make U.S. firms prefer Mexican manufacturers. The
World Bank
also showed that the combined percentage growth of NAFTA imports was
accompanied by an almost similar increase of non-NAFTA exports. The non-NAFTA
exporter countries have to face the following trade barriers: (Www. Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S.
Farmers Retrieved on June 12, 2008.)
6.8.1: Tariffs:
Import or export of NAFTA tariffs will be given and
taken. Every country has a regulation on tariffs. For example: to import in
Bangladesh some products are non-tariff. In this case, there are no needing
give tariffs to NAFTA countries.
Import and export licenses: To export and import,
licenses is needed. Licenses have 3 different terms: 1 year, 3 years, and 5
years.
6.8.2: Quotas:
Legislation
implementing The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and the Uruguay Round Agreement on
Agriculture exempt NAFTA partners and WTO member countries from
Section 22 quotas and fees. Under both trade agreements, the United States
converted then-in-effect Section 22 restrictions into tariff-rate quotas. This
effectively eliminates Section 22 as a tool to shield domestic price support
operations. (http://www.worldtradelaw.)
6.8.3: Dispute Resolution:
NAFTA’s dispute resolution mechanism includes provisions for
panels to settle disputes. The NAFTA Secretariat administers the dispute
settlement procedure. Its website (http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/en/view.aspx?x=225)
contains panel decisions (for both the NAFTA and the FTA), the Code of Conduct
for dispute settlement, rules of procedure for panels, information on the
status of panels and a roster of panel members. (http://www.state.gov/s/l/c3439.htm)
6.9:
POTENTIAL ASPECT OF NAFTA FOR BANLADESH
·
Our
export to USA is increasing day by day. So it’s easier for us to earn a great
deal of foreign currency.
·
As
we all know USA is renowned for its economy, so by exporting to USA we get the
opportunity to enter the global would and communicate with other countries.
·
By
exporting to MAXICO and CANADA we also earn a sum of foreign currency which
enhances our national income and standard of living.
·
We
get the opportunity to mix up our culture with western culture and have
combination of cultures.
6.10:
THREATS OF NAFTA FOR BANLADESH
·
In
case of exporting to USA, CANADA and MEXICO we have to pay a lot of taxes and
tariffs which reduces both export and import.
·
It
is very difficult to export goods because the route from our country to western
countries is underdeveloped.
·
Some
time western culture attack our cultures vary badly.
·
There
is a long distance between our country and NAFTA countries. In this regard our
transport system also very weak.
·
As
USA, CANADA and MEXICO are far away from our country, we need cold storage to
preserve foods. But we have insufficient cold storages.
CHAPTER
07
From the above data we have
noticed that only the textile and readymade garments good is the major
exportable item for Bangladesh. We have no other remarkable items to export.
This also means that we are not efficient in other sector. The proper
industrialization has not taken place yet. We must have to diversify our
product efficiency. From the export tables to USA, CANADA, MEXICO we
experienced that suddenly there was boom in the export market from the fiscal
year 2005-06 and now there is a decline. We must not to confine our efficiency
in the garments sector only, because there is a risk. If any how this sector
collapses then our whole economy will collapse. So far the economic security we
must concentrate on other sectors.
- causing trade diversion
- increased exports from non-border states
- Allowed for the rapid growth of non-border metropolitan areas.
- Removal of restriction on direct foreign investment
- Abolition of tariff
- Special protection for some sectors
- Formation of commission for observation
- Settlement of dispute
- Crossing boarder by financial institution.
|
Particulars |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) |
$13.83 trillion |
$14.11 trillion |
$14.29 trillion |
|
GDP – real growth rate |
2.8% |
2% |
1.3% |
|
Per capita income |
$46,300 |
$46,800 |
$47,000 |
|
Particulars |
2009 |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) |
$1.304 trillion |
|
GDP – real growth rate |
0.4% |
|
Per capita income |
Nominal:$50,100 PPP:$40,090 |
|
Particulars |
2009 |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) |
$1,473 billion |
|
GDP – real growth rate |
6.8% |
|
Per capita income |
$13,244 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
114.58 |
29% |
|
2005-06 |
148.03 |
32% |
|
2006-07 |
189.17 |
27% |
|
2007-08 |
183.74 |
-2.86% |
|
2008-09 |
206.34 |
12.30% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Textiles & textile Articles |
134.06 |
95 |
172.80 |
91.35 |
170.39 |
92.7 |
194.69 |
94.3 |
|
2 |
Live animals |
10.99 |
7.42 |
12.51 |
6.61 |
10.05 |
5.47 |
8.17 |
3.9 |
|
3 |
Footwear, Umbrellas, Artificial flower etc |
2.99 |
2.01 |
2.10 |
1.11 |
1.70 |
0.92 |
1.55 |
0.75 |
|
4 |
Prepared food stuffs, Tobacco |
0.31 |
0.21 |
0.46 |
0.24 |
0.54 |
0.29 |
0.88 |
0.43 |
|
5 |
Articles of stone, Ceramic |
0.41 |
0.28 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
0.33 |
0.17 |
0.27 |
0.13 |
|
6 |
Products of chemical |
0.023 |
0.15 |
0.54 |
0.12 |
0.18 |
0.10 |
0.26 |
0.13 |
|
7 |
Vegetable products |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.12 |
0.05 |
|
8 |
Wood and wood articles |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
|
9 |
Plastic and plastic |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
|
10 |
Raw hide |
0.029 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.015 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
16.68 |
38% |
|
2005-06 |
20.66 |
24% |
|
2006-07 |
24.23 |
17% |
|
2007-08 |
26.33 |
9% |
|
2008-09 |
33.70 |
28% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Textiles & textile Articles |
19.96 |
91.65 |
23.64 |
92.75 |
25.61 |
92.7 |
32.809 |
94.3 |
|
2 |
Live animals |
1.50 |
10.2 |
1.95. |
1.42 |
2.05 |
2.05 |
4.25 |
2.9 |
|
3 |
Footwear, Umbrellas, Artificial flower etc |
0.15 |
0.04 |
0.15 |
0.04 |
0.21 |
0.08 |
0.21 |
0.08 |
|
4 |
Articles of stone, Ceramic |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.13 |
0.05 |
0.7 |
0.06 |
|
5 |
Prepared food stuffs, Tobacco |
0.18 |
0.1 |
0.04 |
0.025 |
0.06 |
0.02 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
|
6 |
Vegetable product |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.075 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
|
7 |
Base metals and articles of base metal |
0.014 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.002 |
0.003 |
0.01 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
Wood and wood articles |
0.013 |
0.03 |
0.075 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.04 |
0.004 |
0.01 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
1.01 |
18% |
|
2005-06 |
1.64 |
62.3% |
|
2006-07 |
2.50 |
52% |
|
2007-08 |
3.57 |
42% |
|
2008-09 |
5.19 |
45% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Textiles & textile Articles |
1.25 |
76 |
2.12 |
85 |
3.24 |
92.7 |
4.988 |
95 |
|
2 |
Footwear, Umbrellas, Artificial flower etc |
– |
13 |
0.239 |
19.65 |
0.132 |
2.05 |
0.142 |
0.10 |
|
3 |
Raw hides and skins |
0.104 |
10 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
0.185 |
0.08 |
0.103 |
0.13 |
|
4 |
Machinery and mechanical appliances |
0.29 |
0.29 |
0.33 |
0.03 |
0.093 |
0.05 |
0.069 |
0.057 |
|
5 |
Articles of stone, Ceramic |
0.188 |
0.016 |
0.025 |
0.025 |
0.54 |
0.02 |
0.0029 |
0.029 |
|
6 |
Product of chemicals |
0.133 |
0.19 |
0.073 |
0.02 |
0.06 |
0.56 |
0.010 |
0.019 |
|
7 |
Base metals and articles of base metal |
0.739 |
0.012 |
0.012 |
0.05 |
0.003 |
– |
0.011 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
Live animals |
0.0021 |
0.018 |
0.021 |
0.021 |
0.01 |
– |
0.007 |
0.015 |
|
9 |
Prepared food stuffs, Tobacco |
0.002 |
0.002 |
0.019 |
0.0019 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
0.008 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
201.836 |
51.80% |
|
2005-06 |
231.629 |
14.56% |
|
2006-07 |
263.040 |
13.56% |
|
2007-08 |
336.277 |
27.84% |
|
2008-09 |
317.231 |
5.56% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Live animals |
333.09 |
14.31 |
613.899 |
23.1 |
895.39 |
26.6 |
409.12 |
13.2 |
|
2 |
Vegetable products |
125.33 |
1.54 |
113.11 |
1.43 |
590.20 |
1.75 |
66.54 |
2.09 |
|
3 |
Animal or vegetable fats and oils |
239.877 |
1.32 |
5.96 |
2.25 |
156.75 |
1.45 |
11..4 |
1.30 |
|
4 |
Prepared food stuffs, beverages sprits |
79.56 |
1.12 |
104.455 |
1.2 |
87.87 |
2.61 |
89.9 |
.83 |
|
5 |
Mineral products |
105.32 |
1.15 |
172.60 |
0.65 |
56.01 |
1.12 |
47.5 |
0.50 |
|
6 |
Product of chemicals |
105.12 |
1.14 |
172.60 |
1.74 |
56.07 |
0.88 |
10.9 |
0.35 |
|
7 |
Textile |
45.16 |
.75 |
45.9 |
0.50 |
55.43 |
0.60 |
5.7 |
0.30 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
37.714 |
13.07% |
|
2005-06 |
53.758 |
42.56% |
|
2006-07 |
108.028 |
94% |
|
2007-08 |
248.690 |
130% |
|
2008-09 |
197.273 |
20% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Vegetable product |
245.19 |
45.60 |
798.63 |
73 |
182.73 |
33.27 |
138.65 |
37.25 |
|
2 |
Live animals |
22.46 |
0.42 |
34.14 |
.30 |
000 |
000 |
000 |
000 |
|
3 |
Animals and vegetable |
4.02 |
.07 |
.85 |
0.007 |
000 |
000 |
18.9 |
000 |
|
4 |
Prepared food stuffs, tobacco, beverages |
46.56 |
8.64 |
37.6 |
3.49 |
107.89 |
0.43 |
72.4 |
3.75 |
|
5 |
Mineral products |
83.24 |
1.55 |
106.08 |
0.98 |
129.11 |
0.52 |
89.06 |
4.36 |
|
6 |
Product of chemicals |
21.52 |
0.40 |
27.72 |
0.25 |
59.57 |
0.21 |
9.5 |
.89 |
|
7 |
Plastics |
40 |
0.75 |
13.9 |
1.29 |
38.5 |
1.55 |
5.5 |
.68 |
|
|
Year |
Total Amount |
Growth rate |
|
2004-05 |
148 |
60.21% |
|
2005-06 |
105 |
28.86% |
|
2006-07 |
154 |
46.22% |
|
2007-08 |
100 |
34.84% |
|
2008-09 |
538 |
433.66% |
|
SERIAL |
Commodities |
2005-06 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2006-07 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2007-08 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
2008-09 |
PERCENTAGE (%) |
|
1 |
Vegetable product |
000 |
000 |
21.11 |
0.44 |
.78 |
0.77 |
6.56 |
4.65 |
|
2 |
Prepared food stuffs |
21.67 |
20.04 |
6.8 |
13.62 |
25.57 |
2.53 |
000 |
000 |
|
3 |
Product of chemicals |
20.38 |
19.22 |
9.9 |
6.44 |
580.63 |
58.06 |
18.9 |
37.25 |
|
4 |
Plastic |
000 |
000 |
000 |
000 |
4.11 |
0.41 |
000 |
000 |
|
5 |
Textiles |
17.34 |
16.36 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
000 |
000 |
1.2 |
0.65 |
|
COUNTRY |
2004-05 |
2005-06 |
2006-07 |
2007-08 |
2008-09 |
|
U.S.A |
94397.995 |
124868.049 |
163108.122 |
150267.578 |
174620.318 |
|
CANADA |
12916.721 |
15290.649 |
13437.470 |
1481.698 |
13975.778 |
|
MEXICO |
858.681 |
1534.229 |
2345.879 |
3470.487 |
4659.961 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year |
Bangladesh |
China |
Chili |
Germany |
Brazil |
South Korea |
Japan |
|
2004-05 |
4.90% |
9.10% |
5.80% |
1.70% |
5.10% |
4.60% |
2.90% |
|
2005-06 |
6.40% |
10.20% |
6.30% |
.90% |
2.30% |
4.00% |
2.60% |
|
2006-07 |
6.60% |
10.70% |
4.20% |
2.70% |
3.70% |
4.80% |
2.20% |
|
2007-08 |
6.30% |
11.90% |
5.10% |
2.50% |
5.40% |
5.00% |
2.00% |
|
2008-09 |
4.90% |
9.00% |
3.20% |
1.00% |
5.10% |
5.10% |
-.70% |
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCE
- ANNUAL IMPORT RECEOPT 2009: STATE DEPARTMENT, BANGLADESH. ( PAGE 174 to 180, 342 to 346 and 495 to 504)
- ANNUAL EXPORT RECEOPT 2009: STATE DEPARTMENT, BANGLADESH. ( PAGE 147 to 180, 260 to 264 and 380 to 390)
- Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada: Canada and the World: A History – 1984-1993: “Leap of Faith ANNUAL IMPORT RECEOPT 2007: STATE DEPARTMENT, BANGLADESH. ( PAGE 150 to 160, 240 to 245 and 400 to 410)
- http://www.bb.org.bd ( log in time 8.00 pm at 25-03-10)
- Ingenta Connect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation: ongoing assessment SPECIAL REPORT- THE GLOBAL 2000, FORBES, FPRIL4. 2009.
- SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION, ACCESSED ON JUNE, 2009.
- NAFTA, Corn, and Mexico’s Agricultural Trade Liberalization.
- U.S., Canada Reach Final Agreement on Lumber Dispute
- Www. TradingEconomics.com
- Www. World economic growth.com
- Http://www.cec.org/programs_projects/trade_environ_econ/pdfs/Reinert.pdf
- http://www.cec.org/programs_projects/trade_environ_econ/pdfs/frmwrk-e.pdf
- Trade and Environment in the Americas”. Cec.org. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- http://www.bb.org.bd ( log in time 8.00 pm at 25-03-10)
- http://www.epb.gov.bd ( log in time 9.00 pm at 25-03-10)
- SPECIAL REPORT- THE GLOBAL 2000, FORBES, FPRIL4. 2009.