Central Processing unit

Central Processing Unit

}    Complex set of electronic circuitry

}    Executes stored program instructions

}    Two parts

}    Control unit

}    Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Arithmetic Operations

Logical Operations

Types of Storage

The CPU and Memory

Temporary Storage Areas

Registers

Memory

How the CPU Executes Instructions

The Machine Cycle

Instruction Time

Execution Time

Finding Data in Memory

Memory Addresses

}    Each memory location has an address

}     A unique number, much like a mailbox

}    May contain only one instruction or piece of data

}     When data is written back to memory, previous contents of that address are destroyed

}    Referred to by number

}     Programming languages use a symbolic (named) address, such as Hours or Salary

Memory address

How Computers Represent Data

Representing Data

Bit

Byte

Word

Storage Sizes

Main Types of Memory

RAM

}    Memory that can be instantly changed.

}    Requires current to retain values

}    Volatile

}    Holds data and instructions while they are in use.

}    Users typically refer to this type of memory

What’s in RAM?

Types of RAM

Types of RAM

ROM

PROM

The System Unit
The Black Box

}    Houses electronic components

}    Motherboard

}    Storage devices

}    Connections

}    Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor

The System Unit
The Black Box

The System Unit
The Black Box

Microprocessor

}    CPU etched on a chip

}    Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch

}    Composed of silicon

}    Contains millions of transistors

}    Electronic switches that can allow current to pass through

Microprocessor Components

A Look Inside The Processor

Speed and Power

Components affecting Speed

Computer Processing Speed

System Clock

Microprocessor Speed

Bus Line

Bus Line

CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions

Registers

Cache

Cache

Memory

Instruction Sets

Types of Processing

}    Serial processing

}    Execute one instruction at a time

}    Fetch, decode, execute, store

}    Parallel Processing

}    Multiple processors used at the same time

}    Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per second (teraflops)

}    Ex:  network servers, supercomputers

Types of Processing

}    Pipelining

}     Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins

}    Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2

Disclaimer:

The information contains in this web-site is prepared for educational purpose. This site may be used by the students, faculties, independent learners and the learned advocates of all over the world. Researchers all over the world have the access to upload their writes up in this site. In consideration of the people’s participation in the Web Page, the individual, group, organization, business, spectator, or other, does hereby release and forever discharge the Lawyers & Jurists, and its officers, board, and employees, jointly and severally from any and all actions, causes of actions, claims and demands for, upon or by reason of any damage, loss or injury, which hereafter may be sustained by participating their work in the Web Page. This release extends and applies to, and also covers and includes, all unknown, unforeseen, unanticipated and unsuspected injuries, damages, loss and liability and the consequences thereof, as well as those now disclosed and known to exist.  The provisions of any state’s law providing substance that releases shall not extend to claims, demands, injuries, or damages which are known or unsuspected to exist at this time, to the person executing such release, are hereby expressly waived. However the Lawyers & Jurists makes no warranty expressed or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product process or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favouring by the Lawyers & Jurists. The views and opinions of the authors expressed in the Web site do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Lawyers & Jurists. Above all, if there is any complaint drop by any independent user to the admin for any contents of this site, the Lawyers & Jurists would remove this immediately from its site.