View With Charts And Images
Compare & Contrast the domestic implementation mechanism of Human Rights Between Bangladesh & USA.
Abstract

The report discusses in general about how the recommendations of international human rights treaties are implemented in Bangladesh and USA and how the situation in the two countries are similar and different. A complete examination of all the recommendations was beyond the scope of this report, hence in this report only the cases of setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights were discussed and conclusions were drawn from this discussion. It was found that Bangladesh set up a National Human Rights Commission according to guidelines while United States did not. On the other hand, United States were at par with implementing women rights and health care guidelines while Bangladesh lacked behind.
Abbreviations

NHRC : National Human Rights Commission

CEDAW : Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women.
Introduction:
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever the nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status be. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled to our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others.
The implementation of human rights law depends to a large extent on the political will of states to comply with international standards. Ideally, a co-operative network of non-state actors and international institutions all ensure the effective implementation of the international norms and standards. Implementation entails an array of activities. Generally, to implement international human rights standards, states must affirmatively incorporate them into domestic law. There are a great variety of domestic methods for implementation of international human rights instruments. In very broad terms, two systems can be identified. One system is referred to as ‘monist’, in that both domestic and international law are considered together and as having the same effect. In these states there is an automatic incorporation of treaty provisions once they have been ratified and published in the official gazette (e.g., France, Mexico and The Netherlands). Other states require the express legislative enactment of treaty provisions before they become domestic law (e.g., the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries and Scandinavian countries). These legal systems are referred to as ‘dualist’ in that a strong distinction is maintained between domestic and international law, and the latter must be written into the former in order to carry substantial and enforceable weight.
Regardless of whether a domestic law society is monist or dualist, the crux of the matter is whether or not their domestic courts and other legal operators apply human rights norms in their decisions; the effect of international human rights law cannot be assessed in the abstract on the basis of the constitution and legislation of a given country only. If international standards are fully incorporated or written into national legislation, it is easier for domestic courts and legal operators to apply them. However, even when international human rights treaties have not been formally incorporated into domestic law national courts can use international human rights standards as guidance in interpreting national law. In other words, national courts and legal operators may look at international and regional human rights norms when interpreting and developing national law, and they may use international human rights law as the minimum standard of protection that national law should attain. It is important to stress that the domestic implementation of human rights norms requires a joint and coordinated effort of all branches of the government (judiciary, legislative and executive). In addition, it is important to note that in order to ensure that human rights are protected and advanced in a sustained manner in the long term states should encourage and facilitate the establishment of national human rights institutions. Finally, most treaties require that states take actions to raise awareness about human rights. They should inform the public about human rights and the available resources for redress to those whose human rights have been violated. Information should be accessible to all – in particular to those most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups – and available in a form that can be understood by everybody. States must initiate information campaigns and public education programs on human rights at all levels in the judicial, law enforcement, social welfare and educational systems.

Human Rights Implementation Mechanism in Bangladesh
A complete examination of the Human Rights implementation mechanism and situation is beyond the scope of this article. So, instead we will focus on the implementation of certain human rights agendas namely, setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights.
Setting Up A National Human Rights Institution:
Except for the Migrant Workers’ Convention, which has been signed but not yet ratified, Bangladesh is party to all core international human rights instruments. In 2009 the National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh was reconstituted as a national advocacy institution for human rights promotion and protection. It is committed to the accomplishment of human rights as enshrined in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and different international human rights conventions and treaties to which Bangladesh is a signatory. Established by the National Human Rights Commission Act, 2009 in consonance with Bangladesh’s commitment to international human rights law, the Commission serves as a mechanism for the enrichment of the realization of human rights. In order to promote and protect human rights the Commission performs the following functions:
• Developing human rights policies through conducting human rights research and issuing legal and administrative policy recommendations;
• Analyzing laws, policies and practices from a human rights perspective;
• Investigating human rights violation cases and providing access to justice;
• Promoting human rights education and raising public awareness about perception of human rights;
• Promoting, monitoring and comparing the national standard and implementation of international human rights treaties;
• Co-operating with government agencies, civil society organizations, UN human rights bodies and national human rights institutions;
• Settlement of complaints having the tendency of violation of human rights through mediation, providing legal aid if possible to the aggrieved party;
• Lodging or help to lodge petitions in the apex court;
• Sensitizing law enforcing agencies through human rights training;
Women Rights:
Despite special criminal laws to ensure justice for acts of violence against women, and ‘The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act’ which was introduced on October, 2010, violence against women is widespread. According to Odhikar data, from 04 February 2009 to 03 February 2011, 1018 women were victims of rape, 701 were victims of dowry violence and 174 were the victims of acid violence. In most of the cases, the perpetrators could not be brought to justice, due to various reasons, including threats to the victims’ family; bribing of police officers; lack of evidence and political patronage for the perpetrators. Apart from the regularly reported acts of violence against women, such as rape, dowry-related violence and acid attacks, another disturbing crime is gaining momentum in Bangladesh – stalking and verbal/physical harassment of girls and young women. Stalking can lead to depression and humiliation that is sometimes so overwhelming that there have been cases where the victim has committed suicide. Society and the administration also try to cast aspersions on the character of the victim, instead of condemning or catching the stalker. There have also been some instances where the perpetrators have injured or killed those who protested – mainly parents and family members of the victim. Most of the victims of stalking are school and college-going young women, who are constantly verbally harassed and followed on their way to and from the educational institution and/or outside their homes. The perpetrators are known to the victims, their family and the locality – but very few have been arrested or punished, despite a High Court Division directive against stalking. On January 26, 2011, a Division Bench of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court, comprising of Justice Iman Ali and Justice Sheikh Hasan Arif, delivered a judgement that a separate cell or team shall be set up in every police station in order to prevent sexual harassment. The team will submit reports on sexual harassment cases every month. However, the police have taken no initiative to comply with this Order of the High
Court. The increase in such incidents only shows a lack of respect and a breakdown of the moral fiber of society and those responsible for maintaining it.
The Government of Bangladesh is a party to the UN Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Regardless, the reasons stated above, coupled with a lack of political will – including extreme reluctance to lift reservations on Article 2 of CEDAW, show a lack of commitment to improve the situation and status of women in Bangladesh.

Health Care:
The Dalit community in Bangladesh does not have equal access to health care, and live under horrible conditions. The majority of Dalits live below the poverty line, lagging behind in all development indicators (e.g. maternal mortality rates are much higher amongst Dalit women). In urban areas Dalits usually live in so called ‘colonies’ in slum like conditions with often three generations of 8-12 people living in one small room. Around 60,000 Dalits living in Dhaka have inadequate water and sanitation. The majority of Dalits are landless and in rural areas live in houses built with straw and mud, often on common land, under constant threat of eviction. The Government of Bangladesh is recommended to endorse and make use of the draft UN Principles and Guidelines which is a guiding framework.
Despite spreading community clinic all over the country, national health policy is yet to be finalized. Several incidents of medical negligence have been reported. The NHRC chairman has visited several public community clinics and criticized the poor health services.

Human Rights Implementation Mechanism in USA
A complete examination of the Human Rights implementation mechanism and situation is beyond the scope of this article. So, instead we will focus on the implementation of certain human rights agendas namely, setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights.
Setting Up A National Human Rights Institution:
As of 12 July 2010, the United States does not have a national human rights institution accredited by the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. It was recommended that the State consider the establishment of a national human rights institution in accordance with the Paris Principles.

Women Rights:
As one of President Obama’s first official acts, he signed into law the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which helps women who face wage discrimination recover their lost wages. Shortly thereafter, the President created the White House Council on Women and Girls to seek to ensure that American women and girls are treated fairly and equally in all matters of public policy. Thus, for instance, the Administration supports the Paycheck Fairness Act, which will help ensure that women receive equal pay for equal work. The recent health care reform bill also lowers costs and offers greater choices for women, and ends insurance company discrimination against them. Moreover, the Administration established the first White House Advisor on Violence Against Women, appointed two women to the U.S. Supreme Court, and created an unprecedented position of Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues to mobilize support for women around the world. The Obama Administration strongly supports U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women and is working with the Senate toward this end.
Health Care Rights:
The United States has been the source of many significant innovations in modern medicine that have alleviated suffering and cured disease for millions in the country and around the world. This year, significant progress is made by enacting major legislation that expands access to health care for the citizens. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law. The Act makes great strides toward the goal that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care. The law is projected to expand health insurance coverage to 32 million Americans who would otherwise lack health insurance, significantly reduces disparities in accessing high-quality care, and includes substantial new investments in prevention and wellness activities to improve public health. The law also includes important consumer protections, such as prohibiting insurance companies from denying coverage to people based on pre-existing conditions or medical history, which disproportionately impacts older and sicker populations. The law increases access to care for underserved populations by expanding community health centers that deliver preventive and primary care services. The law will also help the nation to reduce disparities and discrimination in access to care that has contributed to poor health.

Comparative Assessment:
We can see from the above discussion that, with regard to setting up a national human rights institution in implementation mechanism of human rights, Bangladesh is ahead of United States. But Bangladesh is lagging much behind United States when it comes to the implementation of women rights and health rights. Where Bangladesh cannot even protect its women population from becoming victims of offences like rape, dowry violence and acid violence, United States is enacting laws like the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which helps women who face wage discrimination recover their lost wages. The same situation is reflected in the implementation of health care rights too. Whereas Bangladesh has not yet finalized its national health policy President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law which makes great strides toward the goal that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care.

Conclusion:
Bangladesh faces many challenges including a large population in a geographically small country, which is regularly afflicted by extreme weather disasters. The majority of its people are afflicted by poverty, many with limited formal education. The Government of Bangladesh has limited sources of revenue. Despite strong democratic foundations, Bangladesh has been blighted since independence by long periods of non-democratic rule which has hindered the development of democracy and human rights. And now this is aggravated by rampant corruption in administration. Despite the significant challenges inherent in improving access to justice, positive improvements have occurred.
On the other hand, being a superpower and a leading economy of the World, United States has maintained the high level of adherence to human rights treaties as was expected from it.

REFERENCES:

“About NHRC”, available at http://www.nhrc.org.bd/About_NHRC.html
‘Mid-Term Implementation Assessment: Bangladesh’, available at http://www.askbd.org/web/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/MIA-Bangladesh.pdf

‘Compilation prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1’, available at

http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/US/A_HRC_WG.6_9_USA_2_United%20States%20of%20America_eng.pdf

‘Implementation’, available at http://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rights-

project/humanrightscasesandmaterials/humanrightsconceptsideasandfora/theconceptsofhumanrightsanintroduction/implementation/

‘National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 15 (a) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1’, available at http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/US/A_HRC_WG.6_9_USA_1_United%20States-eng.pdf

“UN Normative work in Bangladesh”,available at http://www.unbd.org/pub/UN%20Normative%20Work.pdf

“What are Human Rights?”,available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx

View With Charts And Images
Compare & Contrast the domestic implementation mechanism of Human Rights Between Bangladesh & USA.
Abstract

The report discusses in general about how the recommendations of international human rights treaties are implemented in Bangladesh and USA and how the situation in the two countries are similar and different. A complete examination of all the recommendations was beyond the scope of this report, hence in this report only the cases of setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights were discussed and conclusions were drawn from this discussion. It was found that Bangladesh set up a National Human Rights Commission according to guidelines while United States did not. On the other hand, United States were at par with implementing women rights and health care guidelines while Bangladesh lacked behind.
Abbreviations

NHRC : National Human Rights Commission

CEDAW : Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women.
Introduction:
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever the nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status be. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled to our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others.
The implementation of human rights law depends to a large extent on the political will of states to comply with international standards. Ideally, a co-operative network of non-state actors and international institutions all ensure the effective implementation of the international norms and standards. Implementation entails an array of activities. Generally, to implement international human rights standards, states must affirmatively incorporate them into domestic law. There are a great variety of domestic methods for implementation of international human rights instruments. In very broad terms, two systems can be identified. One system is referred to as ‘monist’, in that both domestic and international law are considered together and as having the same effect. In these states there is an automatic incorporation of treaty provisions once they have been ratified and published in the official gazette (e.g., France, Mexico and The Netherlands). Other states require the express legislative enactment of treaty provisions before they become domestic law (e.g., the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries and Scandinavian countries). These legal systems are referred to as ‘dualist’ in that a strong distinction is maintained between domestic and international law, and the latter must be written into the former in order to carry substantial and enforceable weight.
Regardless of whether a domestic law society is monist or dualist, the crux of the matter is whether or not their domestic courts and other legal operators apply human rights norms in their decisions; the effect of international human rights law cannot be assessed in the abstract on the basis of the constitution and legislation of a given country only. If international standards are fully incorporated or written into national legislation, it is easier for domestic courts and legal operators to apply them. However, even when international human rights treaties have not been formally incorporated into domestic law national courts can use international human rights standards as guidance in interpreting national law. In other words, national courts and legal operators may look at international and regional human rights norms when interpreting and developing national law, and they may use international human rights law as the minimum standard of protection that national law should attain. It is important to stress that the domestic implementation of human rights norms requires a joint and coordinated effort of all branches of the government (judiciary, legislative and executive). In addition, it is important to note that in order to ensure that human rights are protected and advanced in a sustained manner in the long term states should encourage and facilitate the establishment of national human rights institutions. Finally, most treaties require that states take actions to raise awareness about human rights. They should inform the public about human rights and the available resources for redress to those whose human rights have been violated. Information should be accessible to all – in particular to those most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups – and available in a form that can be understood by everybody. States must initiate information campaigns and public education programs on human rights at all levels in the judicial, law enforcement, social welfare and educational systems.

Human Rights Implementation Mechanism in Bangladesh
A complete examination of the Human Rights implementation mechanism and situation is beyond the scope of this article. So, instead we will focus on the implementation of certain human rights agendas namely, setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights.
Setting Up A National Human Rights Institution:
Except for the Migrant Workers’ Convention, which has been signed but not yet ratified, Bangladesh is party to all core international human rights instruments. In 2009 the National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh was reconstituted as a national advocacy institution for human rights promotion and protection. It is committed to the accomplishment of human rights as enshrined in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and different international human rights conventions and treaties to which Bangladesh is a signatory. Established by the National Human Rights Commission Act, 2009 in consonance with Bangladesh’s commitment to international human rights law, the Commission serves as a mechanism for the enrichment of the realization of human rights. In order to promote and protect human rights the Commission performs the following functions:
• Developing human rights policies through conducting human rights research and issuing legal and administrative policy recommendations;
• Analyzing laws, policies and practices from a human rights perspective;
• Investigating human rights violation cases and providing access to justice;
• Promoting human rights education and raising public awareness about perception of human rights;
• Promoting, monitoring and comparing the national standard and implementation of international human rights treaties;
• Co-operating with government agencies, civil society organizations, UN human rights bodies and national human rights institutions;
• Settlement of complaints having the tendency of violation of human rights through mediation, providing legal aid if possible to the aggrieved party;
• Lodging or help to lodge petitions in the apex court;
• Sensitizing law enforcing agencies through human rights training;
Women Rights:
Despite special criminal laws to ensure justice for acts of violence against women, and ‘The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act’ which was introduced on October, 2010, violence against women is widespread. According to Odhikar data, from 04 February 2009 to 03 February 2011, 1018 women were victims of rape, 701 were victims of dowry violence and 174 were the victims of acid violence. In most of the cases, the perpetrators could not be brought to justice, due to various reasons, including threats to the victims’ family; bribing of police officers; lack of evidence and political patronage for the perpetrators. Apart from the regularly reported acts of violence against women, such as rape, dowry-related violence and acid attacks, another disturbing crime is gaining momentum in Bangladesh – stalking and verbal/physical harassment of girls and young women. Stalking can lead to depression and humiliation that is sometimes so overwhelming that there have been cases where the victim has committed suicide. Society and the administration also try to cast aspersions on the character of the victim, instead of condemning or catching the stalker. There have also been some instances where the perpetrators have injured or killed those who protested – mainly parents and family members of the victim. Most of the victims of stalking are school and college-going young women, who are constantly verbally harassed and followed on their way to and from the educational institution and/or outside their homes. The perpetrators are known to the victims, their family and the locality – but very few have been arrested or punished, despite a High Court Division directive against stalking. On January 26, 2011, a Division Bench of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court, comprising of Justice Iman Ali and Justice Sheikh Hasan Arif, delivered a judgement that a separate cell or team shall be set up in every police station in order to prevent sexual harassment. The team will submit reports on sexual harassment cases every month. However, the police have taken no initiative to comply with this Order of the High
Court. The increase in such incidents only shows a lack of respect and a breakdown of the moral fiber of society and those responsible for maintaining it.
The Government of Bangladesh is a party to the UN Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Regardless, the reasons stated above, coupled with a lack of political will – including extreme reluctance to lift reservations on Article 2 of CEDAW, show a lack of commitment to improve the situation and status of women in Bangladesh.

Health Care:
The Dalit community in Bangladesh does not have equal access to health care, and live under horrible conditions. The majority of Dalits live below the poverty line, lagging behind in all development indicators (e.g. maternal mortality rates are much higher amongst Dalit women). In urban areas Dalits usually live in so called ‘colonies’ in slum like conditions with often three generations of 8-12 people living in one small room. Around 60,000 Dalits living in Dhaka have inadequate water and sanitation. The majority of Dalits are landless and in rural areas live in houses built with straw and mud, often on common land, under constant threat of eviction. The Government of Bangladesh is recommended to endorse and make use of the draft UN Principles and Guidelines which is a guiding framework.
Despite spreading community clinic all over the country, national health policy is yet to be finalized. Several incidents of medical negligence have been reported. The NHRC chairman has visited several public community clinics and criticized the poor health services.

Human Rights Implementation Mechanism in USA
A complete examination of the Human Rights implementation mechanism and situation is beyond the scope of this article. So, instead we will focus on the implementation of certain human rights agendas namely, setting up a national human rights institution, women rights and health care rights.
Setting Up A National Human Rights Institution:
As of 12 July 2010, the United States does not have a national human rights institution accredited by the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. It was recommended that the State consider the establishment of a national human rights institution in accordance with the Paris Principles.

Women Rights:
As one of President Obama’s first official acts, he signed into law the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which helps women who face wage discrimination recover their lost wages. Shortly thereafter, the President created the White House Council on Women and Girls to seek to ensure that American women and girls are treated fairly and equally in all matters of public policy. Thus, for instance, the Administration supports the Paycheck Fairness Act, which will help ensure that women receive equal pay for equal work. The recent health care reform bill also lowers costs and offers greater choices for women, and ends insurance company discrimination against them. Moreover, the Administration established the first White House Advisor on Violence Against Women, appointed two women to the U.S. Supreme Court, and created an unprecedented position of Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues to mobilize support for women around the world. The Obama Administration strongly supports U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women and is working with the Senate toward this end.
Health Care Rights:
The United States has been the source of many significant innovations in modern medicine that have alleviated suffering and cured disease for millions in the country and around the world. This year, significant progress is made by enacting major legislation that expands access to health care for the citizens. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law. The Act makes great strides toward the goal that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care. The law is projected to expand health insurance coverage to 32 million Americans who would otherwise lack health insurance, significantly reduces disparities in accessing high-quality care, and includes substantial new investments in prevention and wellness activities to improve public health. The law also includes important consumer protections, such as prohibiting insurance companies from denying coverage to people based on pre-existing conditions or medical history, which disproportionately impacts older and sicker populations. The law increases access to care for underserved populations by expanding community health centers that deliver preventive and primary care services. The law will also help the nation to reduce disparities and discrimination in access to care that has contributed to poor health.

Comparative Assessment:
We can see from the above discussion that, with regard to setting up a national human rights institution in implementation mechanism of human rights, Bangladesh is ahead of United States. But Bangladesh is lagging much behind United States when it comes to the implementation of women rights and health rights. Where Bangladesh cannot even protect its women population from becoming victims of offences like rape, dowry violence and acid violence, United States is enacting laws like the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which helps women who face wage discrimination recover their lost wages. The same situation is reflected in the implementation of health care rights too. Whereas Bangladesh has not yet finalized its national health policy President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law which makes great strides toward the goal that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care.

Conclusion:
Bangladesh faces many challenges including a large population in a geographically small country, which is regularly afflicted by extreme weather disasters. The majority of its people are afflicted by poverty, many with limited formal education. The Government of Bangladesh has limited sources of revenue. Despite strong democratic foundations, Bangladesh has been blighted since independence by long periods of non-democratic rule which has hindered the development of democracy and human rights. And now this is aggravated by rampant corruption in administration. Despite the significant challenges inherent in improving access to justice, positive improvements have occurred.
On the other hand, being a superpower and a leading economy of the World, United States has maintained the high level of adherence to human rights treaties as was expected from it.

REFERENCES:

“About NHRC”, available at http://www.nhrc.org.bd/About_NHRC.html
‘Mid-Term Implementation Assessment: Bangladesh’, available at http://www.askbd.org/web/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/MIA-Bangladesh.pdf

‘Compilation prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1’, available at

http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/US/A_HRC_WG.6_9_USA_2_United%20States%20of%20America_eng.pdf

‘Implementation’, available at http://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rights-

project/humanrightscasesandmaterials/humanrightsconceptsideasandfora/theconceptsofhumanrightsanintroduction/implementation/

‘National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 15 (a) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1’, available at http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/US/A_HRC_WG.6_9_USA_1_United%20States-eng.pdf

“UN Normative work in Bangladesh”,available at http://www.unbd.org/pub/UN%20Normative%20Work.pdf

“What are Human Rights?”,available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx