GSM Based SCADA Implementation Using Microcontroller

1. Introduction

In this project we have developed
an integrated wireless SCADA system for monitoring & Accessing the
performance of the remotely situated device parameter such as temperature,
voltage current and frequency on real time basis. For this we have used the
infrastructure of the existing Mobile network, which is based on GSM technique
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is a field of constant
development and research. This project Investigates on creating an extremely
low cost device which can be adapted to many Different SCADA applications via
some very basic programming, and plugging in the relevant Peripherals.

The purpose of this project is to
acquire the remote electrical parameters like temperature, Voltage, Current and
Frequency and send these real time values over GSM network using GSM
Modem/phone. This project is also designed to protect the electrical circuitry
by operating an Electromagnetic Relay. This Relay gets activated whenever the
electrical parameters exceed the predefined values. The Relay can be used to
operate a Circuit Breaker to switch off the main electrical supply. This system
can be designed to send SMS alerts whenever the Circuit Breaker trips or whenever
the voltage or current exceed the predefine limits. This project makes use of
an onboard computer which is commonly termed as micro controller. This onboard
computer can efficiently communicate with the different sensors being used. The
controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory
is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the
functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions.

Our objective is to work on the
“Remote site Safety & security Application by using Controller” to achieve
to produce an input data file for each of the Data Logger and Send SMS to a
monitoring centered. GSM communication performed almost flawlessly data
transfer from sensor at remote area was executed without incidents. Since all
communication between data logger and user are wireless based, this translates
into lowest cost compared to all others system. In this project all the
database is stored in a central database in the data logger; user has global
access to consolidate data from many system or locations. Wireless based
solutions have universally accepted, familiar and user friendly system.
Real-time logging would allow warnings to be flagged to the relevant personnel
(e.g. an SMS warning message to the supervisors) and allow corrective action to
be taken before the quality and value of the catch is degraded.

1.1
The objectives of the project include:

1. Sensing
different electrical parameters (voltage, current, temperature, frequency).

2. Display those
parameters.

3. Forwarding the electrical parameters over GSM network.

4. Producing buzzer alerts (if necessary).

5. Controlling the electrical appliances.

1.2
The project provides us exposure on:

1. Initialization
of ADC module of microcontroller.

2. Embedded C program.

3. PCB designing.

4. Different electrical sensors.

5. Interfacing sensors to controller.

6. LCD interfacing.

7. GSM application.

1.3
The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Microcontroller
Mother Board with regulated power supply.

2. LCD display to show the measured electrical parameters.

3. Electromagnetic Relay to control Electrical Appliances.

4. Temperature Sensor.

5. Voltage Sensor.

6. Current Sensor.

7. GSM Modem/phone for remote communication.

8. Block Diagram

1.4 Advantage:

1. Wireless SCADA deals with the
creation of an inexpensive, yet adaptable and easy to use.

2. The hardware components making
up the device are relatively unsophisticated,

3. The device operation can be
chanced because we use microcontroller.

4. The microcontroller is Re-
programmable

5. The custom written software
makes it re-programmable over the air.

6. It is able to provide a given
SCADA application with the ability to send / receive

And Control any data signals at any non predetermined
time.

1.5 Limitations

The main limitation is that
where GSM network is not available our system does not work.

GLOBAL
SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2.1 Definition

GSM, which stands for Global System for Mobile
communications, reigns (important) as the world’s most widely used cell phone
technology. Cell phones use a cell phone service carrier’s GSM network by
searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area. Global system for mobile
communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular
communication.

GSM is the name of a
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile
telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European
mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz it is estimated that many
countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.

2.2 Need of GSM

The GSM study group
aimed to provide the followings through the GSM:

Ø Improved spectrum efficiency.

Ø International roaming.

Ø Low-cost mobile sets and base
stations (BS)

Ø High-quality speech

Ø Compatibility with Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) and other telephone company services.

Ø Support for new services.

2.3 GSM Architecture

Ø
The Mobile
Station (MS)

Ø
The Base Station
Subsystem (BSS)

Ø
The Network
Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Ø
The Operation
Support Subsystem (OSS)

Following fig
shows the simple architecture diagram of GSM Network.

Figure 1:- GSM Network.

The added
components of the GSM architecture include the functions of the databases and
messaging systems:

Ø Home Location Register (HLR)

Ø Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Ø Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Ø Authentication Center (AUC)

Ø SMS Serving Center (SMS SC)

Ø Gateway MSC (GMSC)

Ø Chargeback Center (CBC)

Ø Tran coder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)

The MS and the BSS
communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio
link. The BSS communicates with the Network Service Switching center across the
A interface.

2.4 GSM network areas

In a GSM network,
the following areas are defined:

2.4.1 Cell:
Cell is the basic service area, one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a
Cell Global Identity (CGI), a number that uniquely identifies the cell.

2.4.2 Location Area: A group of cells form a Location Area. This is the area that is paged
when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each Location Area is assigned a
Location Area Identity (LAI). Each Location Area is served by one or more BSCs.

2.4.3 MSC/VLR Service Area: The area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR
service area.

2.4.4 PLMN: The area covered by one network
operator is called PLMN. A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.

2.5 The GSM Specifications

Specifications for
different Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems vary among the
different PCS networks. The GSM specification is listed below with important
characteristics.

2.5.1 Modulation

Modulation is a
form of change process where we change the input information into a suitable
format for the transmission medium. We also changed the information by
demodulating the signal at the receiving end. The GSM uses Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation method. We also changed the information by
demodulating the signal at the receiving end.

2.5.2 Access Methods

Because radio
spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to
divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. GSM chose a
combination of TDMA/FDMA as its method. The FDMA part involves the division by
frequency of the total 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz
bandwidth.

One or more
carrier frequencies are then assigned to each BS. Each of these carrier
frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight time
slots. One time slot is used for transmission by the mobile and one for
reception. They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive
and transmit at the same time.

2.5.3 Transmission Rate

The total symbol
rate for GSM at 1 bit per symbol in GMSK produces 270.833 K symbols/second. The
gross transmission rate of the time slot is 22.8 Kbps.GSM is a digital system
with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

2.5.4 Frequency Band

The uplink
frequency range specified for GSM is 933 – 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).
The downlink frequency band 890 – 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).

2.5.5 Channel Spacing

This indicates
separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz.

2.5.6 Speech Coding

GSM uses linear
predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC
provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes
through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13
kbps.

2.5.7 Duplex Distance

The duplex
distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and
downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

2.6 GSM User Services

GSM has much more
to offer than voice telephony. Additional services allow us greater flexibility
in where and when we use our phone. We should contact our local GSM network
operator for information on the specific services available to us.

But
there are three basic types of services offered through GSM which we can ask
for:

Telephony (also
referred to as telecom services) Services

Data (also
referred to as bearer services) Services.

Supplementary
Services

2.6.1
Teleservices or Telephony Services

A Telecom-service
utilizes the capabilities of a Bearer Service to transport data, defining which
capabilities are required and how they should be set up.

Voice Calls

The most basic
Telecom-service supported by GSM is telephony. This includes Full-rate speech
at 13 Kbps and emergency calls, where the nearest emergency service provider is
notified by dialing three digits. A very basic example of emergency service is
911 services available in USA.

Short Text Messages

SMS (Short
Messaging Service) service is a text messaging which allow us to send and
receive text messages on our GSM Mobile phone. Services available from many of
the world’s GSM networks today – in addition to simple user generated text
message services – include news, sport; financial, language and location based
services, as well as many early examples of mobile commerce such as stocks and
share prices, mobile banking facilities and leisure booking services.

Till the time this
tutorial is written, most of the service providers are charging their
customer’s SMS services based on number of text messages sent from their mobile
phone. There are other prime SMS services available where service providers are
charging more than normal SMS charge. These services are being used in
collaboration of Television Networks or Radio Networks to demand SMS from the
audiences Most of time charges are paid by the SMS sender but for some services
like stocks and share prices, mobile banking facilities and leisure booking
services etc. recipient of the SMS has to pay for the service.

2.6.2 Bearer Services or Data Services

2.6.3 Supplementary Services

Supplementary
services are provided on top of telecom-services or bearer services, and
include features such as caller identification, call forwarding, call waiting,
multiparty conversations, and barring of outgoing (international) calls, among
others.

2.7 GSM SECURITY and Encryption

The security
methods standardized for the GSM System make it the most secure cellular
telecommunications standard currently available. Although the confidentiality
of a call and anonymity of the GSM subscriber is only guaranteed on the radio
channel, this is a major step in achieving end-to- end security.

The subscriber’s
anonymity is ensured through the use of temporary identification numbers. The
confidentiality of the communication itself on the radio link is performed by
the application of encryption algorithms and frequency hopping which could only
be realized using digital systems and signaling.

Part of the
enhanced security of GSM is due to the fact that it is a digital system
utilizing a speech coding algorithm, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
digital modulation, slow frequency hopping, and Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) time slot architecture. To intercept and reconstruct this signal would
require more highly specialized and expensive equipment than a police scanner
to perform the reception, synchronization, and decoding of the signal.

2.8 GSM Mobile Phone

Figure
3:- GSM mobile phone

The SIM provides
personal mobility so that the user can have access to all subscribed services
irrespective of both the location of the terminal and the use of a specific
terminal. We need to insert the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone to
receive calls at that phone, make calls from that phone, or receive other
subscribed services.

Today, GSM Arena
is the biggest source of information about latest GSM Mobile Phones. This page
is being displayed here as a courtesy of GSM Arena. So if we are planning to
buy a GSM Mobile phone then they would strongly suggest us to go through all
the review comments and then decide which phone is suitable for us. GSM distinguishes explicitly between user and
equipment and deals with them separately. Besides phone numbers and subscriber
and equipment identifiers, several other identifiers have been defined; they
are needed for the management of subscriber mobility and for addressing of all
the remaining network elements. Newer versions of the standard were
backward-compatible with the original GSM system

2.9 Advantages of GSM

Ø
GSM is already
used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.

Ø
International
roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe. CDMA
will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European
destinations.

Ø
GSM is mature,
having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable network with
robust features. CDMA is still building its network.

Ø
GSM’s maturity
means engineers cut their teeth on the technology, creating an unconscious
preference.

Ø
The availability
of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide secure data
encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

Ø
Talk time is
generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.

Ø
GSM covers
virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem

Ø
The much bigger
number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset
makers, carriers and end users.

2.10 disadvantages of gsm

Ø So far gsm hasn’t got a spread spectrum technology,
the data packets are not coded appropriately thus loss of data.

Ø Intellectual property is concentrated among a few
industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting
competition among phone manufacturers.

Ø GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km,
which is imposed by technical limitations.

Ø Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G
interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses
W-CDMA now

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System

(SCADA)

3: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA)

3.1 What is SCADA and what can it
do for you?

SCADA is not a specific
technology, but a type of application. SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition system — any application that gets data about a system in
order to control that system is a SCADA application. A SCADA application has
two elements:

1. The process/system/machinery
you want to monitor a control — this can be a power plant, a water system, a
network, a system of traffic lights, or anything else.

2. A network of intelligent
devices that interfaces with the first system through sensors and control
outputs. This network, which is the SCADA system, gives you the ability to measure
and control specific elements of the first system.

We can build a SCADA system using
several different kinds of technologies and protocols.

3.2 Where is SCADA Used?

You can use SCADA to manage any
kind of equipment. Typically, SCADA systems are used to automate complex
industrial processes where human control is impractical — systems where there
are more control factors, and more fast-moving control factors, than human
beings can comfortably manage. Around the world, SCADA systems control:

3.2.1
Electric power generation, transmission
and distribution:

Electric utilities use SCADA sys-SCADA is used around the world to control
all kinds of industrial processes — SCADA can help you increase efficiency, Lower costs and increase the profitability of your operations.
These terms helps to detect current flow and line voltage, to monitor the
operation of circuit breakers, and to take sections of the power grid online or
offline.

3.2.2 Water and sewage:

State and municipal water utilities
use SCADA to monitor and regulate water flow, reservoir levels, pipe pressure
and other factors.

3.2.3
Buildings, facilities and environments:

Facility managers use SCADA to
control HVAC, refrigeration units, lighting and entry systems.

3.2.4
Manufacturing:

SCADA systems manage parts inventories
for just-in-time manufacturing, regulate industrial automation and robots, and
monitor process and quality control.

3.2.5
Traffic signals:

SCADA regulates traffic lights, controls
traffic flow and detects out-of-order signals. As I’m sure you can imagine,
this very short list barely hints at all the potential applications for SCADA
systems. SCADA is used in nearly every industry and public infrastructure
project — anywhere where automation increases efficiency. What’s more, these
examples don’t show how deep and complex SCADA data can be. In every industry, managers
need to control multiple factors and the interactions between those factors.
SCADA systems provide the sensing capabilities and the computational power to
track everything that’s relevant to your operations.

3.3 Real-Time Monitoring and
Control Increases Efficiency and Maximizes Profitability

Ask yourself enough questions
like that, and I’m sure you can see where you can apply a SCADA system in your
operations. But I’m equally sure you’re asking “So what?” What you really want to
know is what kind of real-world results you can expect from using SCADA. Here
are few of the things you can do with the information and control capabilities
you get from a SCADA system:

• Access quantitative
measurements of important processes, both immediately and over time

• Detect and correct problems as
soon as they begin

• Measure trends over time

• Discover and eliminate
bottlenecks and inefficiencies

• Control larger and more complex
processes with a smaller, less specialized staff.

A SCADA system gives you the power to
fine-tune your knowledge of your systems. You can place sensors and controls at
every critical point in your managed process (and as SCADA technology improves,
you can put sensors in more and more places). As you monitor more things, you
have a more detailed view of your operations — and most important, it’s all in
real time. So even for very complex manufacturing processes, large electrical plants,
etc., you can have an eagle-eye view of every event while it’s happening — and
that means you have a knowledge base from which to correct errors and improve
efficiency. With SCADA, you can do more, at less cost, providing a direct
increase in profitability.

3.4 How SCADA Systems Work

A SCADA system performs four
functions:

1. Data acquisition

2. Networked data communication

3. Data presentation

4. Control

These functions are performed by
four kinds of SCADA components:

1.
Sensors (either digital or analog) and control
relays that directly interface with the managed system.

2.
Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units
deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local
collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering commands to
control relays.

3.
SCADA master units. These are larger computer
consoles that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units
provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed
system in response to sensor inputs.

4.
The communications network that connects the SCADA master
unit to the RTUs in the field.

3.5 The World’s Simplest SCADA
System

The simplest possible SCADA
system would be a single circuit that notifies you of one event. Imagine a
fabrication machine that produces widgets. Every time the machine finishes a
widget, it activates a switch. The switch turns on a light on a panel, which tells
a human operator that a widget has been completed. Obviously, a real SCADA system
does more than this simple model. But the principle is the same. A full-scale
SCADA system just monitors more stuff over greater distances.

4: MICROCONTROLLER

4.1:
Microcontroller

ATmega32 microcontroller is a
low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR

Enhanced RISC architecture, by
executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega32 achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to

Optimize power consumption versus
processing speed. It also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port,

The ATmega32 microcontroller is
supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including:
C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit
emulators, and evaluation kits.

4.1.1
Overview

The Atmel® AVR® ATmega32 is a
low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR Enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system
designed to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Figure 4:- Atmega32
microcontroller

4.2
About Atmega32

The Atmel® AVR® core combines a
rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32
registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing
two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while
achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers. The ATmega32 provides the following features: 32Kbytes of
In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities,
1024bytes EEPROM, 2Kbyte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary scan, On-chip Debugging
support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes,
Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented
Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential
input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable Watchdog
Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART,
Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the
register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions
until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the
Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base
while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops
the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize
switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows
very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. In Extended Standby
mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run. The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory
technology. The On chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot
program can use any interface to download the application program in the
Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to
run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true
Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System
Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega32 is a powerful
microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications.

4.2.1 Features

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel® AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful
Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8
General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static
Operation

– Up to 16
MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

– On-chip
2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 32Kbytes of
In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 1024Bytes
EEPROM

– 2Kbyte
Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase
Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data
retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional
Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming
by On-chip Boot Program

True
Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming
Lock for Software Security

• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

–
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

– Extensive
On-chip Debug Support

– Programming
of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

• Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit
Timer/Counters with Separate Presales and Compare Modes

– One 16-bit
Timer/Counter with Separate Presale, Compare Mode, and Capture

Mode

– Real Time
Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Four PWM
Channels

– 8-channel,
10-bit ADC

8 Single-ended
Channels

7 Differential
Channels in TQFP Package Only

2 Differential
Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x

–
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

– Programmable
Serial USART

– Master/Slave
SPI Serial Interface

– Programmable
Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip
Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on
Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and
Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep
Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby

and Extended
Standby

• I/O and Packages

– 32
Programmable I/O Lines

– 40-pin PDIP,
44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF

• Operating Voltages

– 2.7V – 5.5V
for ATmega32L

– 4.5V – 5.5V
for ATmega32

• Speed Grades

– 0 – 8MHz for
ATmega32L

– 0 – 16MHz
for ATmega32

• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 3V, 25?C

– Active:
1.1mA

– Idle Mode:
0.35mA

4.2.2 Pin Configurations

Figure 5:- Pin configuration

4.2.3 Block Diagram

Figure 6:- Block
diagram

4.2.4 Pin
description

VCC – Digital Supply Voltage.

GND – Ground.

Port A (PA7..PA0) – Port A serves as the analog
inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O
port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical
Drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to
PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current
if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port B (PB7..PB0) – Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional
I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source Capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are
tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running.

Port C (PC7..PC0) – Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional
I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source Capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are
tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins
PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. The
TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered.

Port D (PD7..PD0) – Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional
I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source Capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are
tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running.

RESET – Reset Input. A low
level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset,
even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate
a reset.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC – AVCC is the supply voltage pin
for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC,
even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC
through a low-pass filter.

AREF- AREF is the analog reference pin for
the A/D Converter.

4.3
Data Retention

Reliability Qualification results
show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less

than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C
or 100 years at 25°C.

4.3.1
– About Code Examples

This documentation contains
simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of the device.
These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before
compilation. Be aware that not all C Compiler vendors include bit definitions
in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent.

4.3.2 – Register Summary

Table- 1: Register Summary

Notes:

1. When the OCDEN Fuse is unprogrammed; the OSCCAL
Register is always accessed on this address. Refer to the debugger specific
documentation for details on how to use the OCDR Register.

2. Refer to the USART description for details on how
to access UBRRH and UCSRC.

3. For compatibility with future devices, reserved
bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.\

4.3.3
Instruction set summary

Table-2 Instruction
set summary

4.3.4
Errata

ATmega32,
rev. A to F

• First Analog Comparator conversion may be delayed

• Interrupts may be lost when writing the timer registers in the
asynchronous timer

• IDCODE masks data from TDI input

• Reading EEPROM by using ST or STS to set EERE bit triggers unexpected
interrupt request.

4.3.4.1. First Analog Comparator
conversion may be delayed

If the device is powered by a
slow rising VCC, the first Analog Comparator conversion will take longer than
expected on some devices.

4.3.4.2. Problem Fix/Workaround

When the device has been powered
or reset, disable then enable the Analog Comparator before the first
conversion.

4.3.4.3. Interrupts may be lost
when writing the timer registers in the asynchronous timer

The interrupt will be lost if a
timer register that is synchronous timer clock is written when the asynchronous
Timer/Counter register (TCNTx) is 0x00.

4.3.4.4. Problem Fix/Workaround

Always check that the
asynchronous Timer/Counter register neither have the value 0xFF nor 0x00 before
writing to the asynchronous Timer Control Register (TCCRx), asynchronous- Timer
Counter Register (TCNTx), or asynchronous Output Compare Register (OCRx).

4.3.4.5 IDCODE masks data from
TDI input

The JTAG instruction IDCODE is
not working correctly. Data to succeeding devices are replaced by all-ones
during Update-DR.

4.3.4.6. Problem Fix / Workaround

– If ATmega32 is the only device
in the scan chain, the problem is not visible.

– Select the Device ID Register
of the ATmega32 by issuing the IDCODE instruction or by entering the Test-Logic-Reset
state of the TAP controller to read out the contents of its Device ID Register
and possibly data from succeeding devices of the scan chain. Issue the BYPASS
instruction to the ATmega32 while reading the Device ID Registers of preceding
devices of the boundary scan chain.

– If the Device IDs of all
devices in the boundary scan chain must be captured simultaneously, the
ATmega32 must be the fist device in the chain.

GSM SCADA IMPLEMENTATION
WITH MICROCONTROLLER

5:
GSM based Scada Implementation with
Microcontroller

5.1 About

The purpose of this project is to
observe electrical parameters like temperature, Voltage, Current and Frequency
and send these real time values over GSM network using GSM Modem/phone. This
system is designed to send SMS alerts to system engineer whenever the parameter
exceed the predefine limits to secure the BTS or Power Greed from any kind of
danger or serious damage.

In this project we have developed
an integrated wireless SCADA system for monitoring & Accessing the performance
of the remotely situated device parameter, temperature, voltage current and
frequency on real time basis, we use voltage parameter for monitoring here.

5.1.1 Equipment/ICs
used in this project

1.
Connector-1 6. Max 232 serial IC-1 11. GSM Module

2.
7805
regulator IC 7.
Connector-2 12.
Antenna

3.
Variable
resistor 8. LM-317 regulator IC

4.
Microcontroller 9. Nine pin serial connector

5.
LCD
display 10. Max 232 serial IC-2

5.2 Introduction to
all of this IC and Equipments

5.2.1 Connector-1

This is a
Wire connectors,
also called wire nuts, connect, secure and protect wires, is use to connect power cable
and take voltage input from 9 to 12 volt.

5.2.2
– 7805 regulator IC

7805 is a voltage regulator
integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs.

The voltage regulator IC
maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the
fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated
power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and
output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Figure 7:-7805 regulator IC

5.2.3 Variable
resistor

A variable resistor is a
potentiometer with only two connecting wires instead of three. However,
although the actual component is the same, it does a very different job.

Figure 8:- Variable resistor

The pot allows us to control the
potential passed through a circuit. The variable resistance lets us adjust the
resistance between two points in a circuit.

5.2.4
Microcontroller

ATmega32 microcontroller is a
low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR Enhanced RISC
architecture, by executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to
Optimize power consumption versus processing speed. It also serves as an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port,

Figure 9:- Microcontroller

5.2.5
LCD display

A Liquid Crystal
Display is an electronic device that cans be used to show numbers or text.
There are two main types of LCD display, numeric displays (used in watches,
calculators etc) and alphanumeric text displays

Figure 10:- LCD display

5.2.6
Max 232 serial IC

The
MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels
during serial communication of microcontrollers with other device. The
controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereas the serial communication
in system on RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes it difficult to
establish a direct link between them to communicate with each other.

Figure
11:- Max 232 serial IC

The
intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that
includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a
single 5V supply. Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels.

5.2.7 LM-317 regulator IC

The LM117 series of adjustable
3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable of supplying in excess of
1.5A over a 1.2V to 3.7V output range. They are exceptionally easy to use and
require only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, both
line and load regulations are better than standard fixed regulators. Also, the
LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages which are easily mounted and handled

Figure 12:- LM-317 regulator IC

5.2.8 Nine pin
serial connector

A 9 pin serial port is a serial communication physical interface through
which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (in contrast to a
parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data
transfer through 9 pin serial ports connected terminals and various
peripherals.

Figure
13:- Nine pin serial connector

While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire,
and USB all send data as a serial stream, the term “9 pin serial ports”
usually identifies hardware more or less compliant to the RS-232 standard, intended
to interface with a modem or with a similar communication device.

5.2.9 GSM
Module

A GSM module is a
specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile
operator perspective, a GSM module/modem looks just like a mobile phone.

Figure
14:- GSM Module

When a GSM modem is connected to a
microcontroller, this allows the microcontroller to use the GSM modem to
communicate over the existing mobile network.

5.2.10
Antenna

An antenna (or aerial)
is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and
vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In
transmission, a radio transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency
electric current to the antenna’s terminals, and the antenna radiates the
energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception,
an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to
produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be
amplified. An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving.

Figure 15:- GSM Antenna

5.3
Circuit connections

In board-1 a microcontroller
connect with max-232 ic and a LCD display. This entire device gets power from
regulator IC 7805. The max-232 ic-1 is connected with 9 pin serial connector in
bord-2.

In board-2 the 9 pin serial connector is
connected withMax-232 serial Ic-2 and which is connected with GSM module. Here
the GSM module and max 232-Ic get powered from lm-317 regulator IC.

Figure 16:- Circuit Diagram-Board-1

Figure 17:- Circuit Diagram-Board-2

5.4 Explanation of
equipment/Ic’s role in our system and how it works

Block diagram

Connector-2

Connector-1

Serial connector

MAX 232 Serial IC

Lm 317 regulator

7805 regulator
IC

MAX 232 Serial IC

GSM module

LCD Display

Microcontroller

Variable
resistor

Figure 18:- Block diagram

5.4.1 Explain of
Block Diagram

This block diagram makes it easy
to understand our system. We take a 9 v input by a adapter which plucked into
the connector 1, then from connector 1 the input voltage goes to 7805 regulator
IC which convert the voltage to 5 v. which is needed to operate the
microcontroller and max 232 series IC. The connection to the microcontroller
goes through a variable resistor which is put into the circuit to vary the
voltage. The microcontroller is programmed to send a signal to GSM module
bia IC max 232-1 if the voltage is
exceed the level set at 4v. The max 232 ic-1 convert the signal to series data
and send to the max232 ic-2 bia the 9 pin serial connector. The Ic max 232-2
cover the series data to signal forward to GSM module to send the sms to the
system engineer. The sim insert into the GSM module and with the antenna which
allow the system access into existing GSM system. The GSM module sends the sms to the System
engineer by using the GSM network. The system engineer number and the message
of error type are programmed in microcontroller.

Here connector-2 gives the power
input for GSM module and max 232 IC-2, bia the lm -317 regulator ic which covert the input power to 3 v which is needed
for GSM module and max 232 ic-2.

5.5
HOW IT WORKS

First of all the device is get
powered by the use of adapter give voltage supply to connector-1, which help to
hold the connection and get 9/12v input. Connector-1 and connector-2 are
shorted, that the both board powered at a time. Now the voltage input goes to
the 7805 regulator IC, which give a fixed voltage of 5v is good enough for the
microcontroller and max-232 Ic operates in circuit-1

In circuit-2 the max-232 IC and GSM module is
get power from Lm-317 Ic which give a voltage output of 3.7 v needed for the
Max-232 ic and GSM module operates.

5.5.1
Role of Microcontroller in our system.

The microcontroller plays the key
role in our device. It is programmed to send a signal to GSM module to send a
SMS to a definite mobile number through MICROCONTROLLER >Max-232 Ic>9 pin
serial >connector >Max 232 Ic-2> GSM Module> GSM network> Mobile
receiver

The SMS which will send is
written in program.

In our system the SMS is

“ERROR: High Voltage. Please
check the machine.”

The Microcontroller is set to
send this SMS if the voltage level exits the
threshold level we set for it and here the level is 4 volt. We use a
variable resistor to change the voltage artificially

This SMS and the predefine level
can be Edited by reprogramming the Microcontroller.

5.5.2
Max -232 Ic’s role in our System

Max -232 IC in board or circuit
1, convert signal to serial data this conversion is needed for serial
transmission

Figure 19:- Max -232 IC’s

Max-232 Ic in circuit-2 covert
the serial data to signal for forwarding to GSM module.

5.5.3
Nine pin serial connector role

Nine pin serial connector do its job as the connector between the two
circuit or board by connecting two max-232 Ic’s .

Figure
20:- nine pin serial connector

5.5.4
GSM module role in our system

GSM Module helps to grave an
existing network and send sms to the mobile by the using of existing
network. We insert a SIM to the module
to get an existing network by the use of GSM network is gives us a wide range
communication.

Figure
21:- GSM

5.6
Future scope

This device can apply in BTS, Power
Greed, Gas station, Oil Tanks, Big Industry and many other valuable electrical
and sensitive apparatus to protect before any serious trouble occur.

Although we worked with only
Voltage, this devise can be developed with different sensor and equipment to
measure and response against many parameters like as we mentioned temperature,
current, frequency and also against smoke, fire, pressure, density, mass etc,
to do so we just need to add the necessary sensor or measurement device and the
corresponding converter For giving the input signal to the microcontroller. The
program must be according to order we need, then it is all same to our
developed system.

PROGRAMMING

6.1
ABOUT

? Chip type : ATmega32

? Program type: Application

? Clock frequency : 8.000000 MHz

? Memory model : Small

? External SRAM size: 0

? Data Stack size: 512

? Language- programming c

References

1. The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems –
M.A Mazidi & J.G Mazidi

2. The
Microcontroller Idea Book – John
Axelson

3. The
Microcontroller Application Cookbook -Matt Gilliland

4. Digital design by Morris Mano

5. Linear integrated
circuits by Roy choudary

6. Scada: Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition -By Stuart A. Boyer

7. Sungmo Jung, Jae-gu Song,
Seoksoo Kim, “Design on SCADA Test-bed
and Security Device,” International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous
Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 2008

8. Sandip C.Patel, Pritimoy
Sanyal ” Securing SCADA System” Information
Management & Computer Security Journal Volume: 16 Issue: 4 Page: 398 – 414
Year: 2008

9. Gumbo, S, Muyingi, H, “Development of a web based interface for
remote monitoring of a

Long-distance
power transmission overhead line”, SATNAC
2007, Sugar Beach Resort, Mauritius,ISBN 978 0 620 39351 5

10. http://www.embedtronics.com.
online details of frame format of NOKIA

11. Surve, V, 2006, “A wireless Communication Device for Short
Messages”, Masters Thesis,Available: www.certec.lth.se/doc/awireless.pdf.

12. Das, AN, Lewis, FL, Popa, DO,
2006, “Data-logging and Supervisory
Control in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceeding of the Seventh ACIS
International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, networking, and Parallel/Distributed
Computing (SNPD’06), Volume 00, ISBN:0-7695-2611-X,
pp 330- 338

13. Hildick-Smith, Andrew, “Security for Critical Infrastructure SCADA
Systems,” (SANS Reading Room, GSEC Practical Assignment, Version 1.4c,
Option 1, February 2005),

http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/warfare/1644.php

14. Carlson, Rolf E. and Jeffrey
E. Dagle, Shabbir A. Shamsuddin, Robert P. Evans, “A Summary ofControl System Security Standards Activities in the Energy
Sector,” Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability,66 National SCADA
Test Bed, October 2005, http://www.sandia.gov/scada/documents/CISSWG_Report_1_Final.pdf

15. Technical Information
Bulletin 04-1, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, NCS
TIB 04-1, Oct. 2004

16. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y.
Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “A
Survey on Sensor Networks,” IEEE International Journal of
Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (1)

Dr. Aditya Goel & Ravi
Shankar Mishra International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue
(1) 65 Communications Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 102-114, August 2002;
receives the IEEE Communications Society 2003 Best Tutorial Paper Award, April
2003.

17. Bement, Arden “Keynote Address at the NSF Workshop on
Critical Infrastructure Protection for SCADA & IT,” October 20,
2003, http://www.nist.gov/speeches/bement_102003.htm.

18. McClanahan, R.H.,” The Benefits of Networked SCADA Systems
Utilizing IP Enabled Networks”, Proc. Of IEEE Rural Electric Power
Conference 5-7 May 2002 Pages: C5 – C5_7

19. Dagle, J.E.; Widergren, S.E.;
Johnson, J.M.” Enhancing the security
of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems: the lifeblood of
modern energy infrastructures” Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002. IEEE Volume 1, Issue , 2002
Page(s): 635 vol.1

20. J.E. Dagle (SM), S.E.
Widergren (SM), and J.M. Johnson (M)”
Enhancing the Security of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Systems: The Lifeblood of Modern Energy Infrastructures” Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002. IEEE Volume 1, Issue, 2002 Page(s):
635 vol.1

21. Stephen Beasley, Mr Choon Ng
Dr Dario Toncich and Dr Andrew Dennison “Remote
Diagnostics for DataAcquisition Systems” white paper by Industrial
Research Institute Swinburne Available online at www.swinburne.edu.au/feis/iris/pdf/profiles/StephenBeasley.pdf

22. Taylor, K; “Mobile Monitoring and Control
Infrastructure”, CSIRO Available online at

http://mobile.act.cmis.csiro.au

“GSM Based SCADA
Implementation Using Microcontroller”